Disabilites: Curses or Blessings?

Imagine living an entire, dreadful life where every item in every single glare was black and white. Or every sprint a person takes leaves the individual breathless. Or picture an innocent, young child who cannot talk or utilize other major abilities like most of the other kids can. These are just few of the many possible scenarios anyone in the U. S. , or even the rest of the world, can have. These scenarios so to speak are disabilities. According to (http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/disabilities) a disability is a physical or mental handicap, especially one that prevents a person from living a full, normal life.Disabilities are indeed categorized as being either physical or mental handicaps, and can range from color blindness and asthma to forms of learning disabilities. Also, disabilities can occur at any stage of an individual’s life. The person can be born with the disability, or can retrieve at later age of their life. Whether the age is 16 or 80, a person can obt ain a disability at the most unexpected time of their life. For example, autism is a type of mental disability that a person is generally born with. In fact, autism affects 1 in every 110 kids and is currently the #1 growing disease in America (http://www. utismspeaks. org/what-autism/faq). Additionally, autism affects more people than cancer, HIV, and diabetes combined (http://www. autismspeaks. org/what-autism/faq). However, many people can attain a type of disability throughout their life like arthritis, which is a chronic, as well as, inflammatory disease that affects a human’s bones/discs, and can lead to multiple symptoms (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/arthritis/. Yet, despite the endless negative effects of physical, mental, and even developmental disabilities on Americans, these curses have actually been blessings in disguise throughout American history.Many Americans, like presidents or inventors, have positively impacted our country and even left legacies within history. Yet, almost all of these legends had a type of disability. So, perhaps more people have disabilities than most Americans presumed. Maybe disabilities affect so many Americans that these â€Å"special† people within society aren’t so special or different after all. These people may even be something that defies the dictionary’s definition of a disability, normal. There are three categories of disabilities, yet the physical category has the most disabilities, as well as, the most varying.Any issues relating to sight, hearing, chronic functions, or mobility are forms of physical disabilities. For instance, blindness, which is loss of vision/color due to mutations in a gene that produces a protein required by the retina (http://www. buzzle. com/articles/disabilities/), is the most common physical disability relating to the human’s sense of sight. Nevertheless, famous Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman, who rescued hundreds of slaves from t orture in South and lead to freedom in the North, developed blindness due to a severe head injury from a cruel slave owner (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-blind. shtml). But that didn’t stop Tubman from giving liberty to all of her fellow slaves. Another inspiring, American woman that developed blindness, and even hearing impairment, at a rather younger age is Helen Keller. Though Helen Keller had to live her entire life with 2 of the 5 major human senses not functioning, she would still graduate college and morph into a world-famous speaker and author. Keller is remembered as being an advocate or supporter of people with disabilities (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-blind. shtml).Speaking of people with hearing impairments, another brilliant American with that particular disability is the famous inventor Thomas Edison. Regardless of the deafness he attributed from scarlet fever during childhood, as well as, the other disabilities h e obtained like asperser syndrome and dyslexia, Edison still managed to greatly aid America with the simple invention of a light bulb and the phonograph (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-deaf. shtml). If being blind or deaf was bad enough, just imagine being able to walk one day and then the next day unable to control the many muscles of the human body.Mobility disabilities like arthritis, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease, and even stroke are just some of many examples of disabilities that a human can acquire at any moment of their precious life. Even with paralysis, another mobility disability that a medical condition where a person loses all the control over his/her muscles, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) still managed to serve at the 32nd President of the U. S. for a record-holding 4 terms. Being paralyzed from the waist down, FDR executed multiple treatments like UV lights, massages, and mineral baths.He con sulted a number of other physicians and therapists in a vain effort to revitalize his muscles, but no success came. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-polio. shtml). However, FDR was successful in â€Å"walking† in front of Congress, as well as, the entire world in producing one of his most famous speeches. The last form of a physical disability a human can encounter is chronic illnesses like chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or even Club Feet like what the famous founder of the Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens got hold of.Stevens suffered many hardships in his childhood including club feet, a birth defect in which the foot is twisted in and down, and without treatment, afflicts a person to walk on their ankles. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/famous-clubfoot. shtml). Another popular disease, that successful presidents like John F. Kennedy, Woodrow, and Teddy Roosevelt suffered from, was asthma, which is a chronic co ndition involving the respiratory system in which the airway occasionally constricts, becomes inflamed (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/asthma-famous. shtml). Yet, this didn’t prevent any of these admirable men from completing the challenging duty of serving as the President of the United States. The other 2 categories of disabilities are mental and developmental disabilities. These classes of disabilities do not contain as many, or varying diseases as the physical category, but possesses unique effects and information for scientists to use in discovering a remedy in the challenging world of medicine.Mental disabilities like Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety disorder, memory loss, phobias, and hell even schizophrenia offer more mysterious and unexplainable effects to a human than most physical diseases do like possessing memory loss, or obsessive behavior, or even specific fears to things like snakes or heights. Though most Americans most likely know those dis eases, what these Americans probably don’t know is that one of the greatest presidents in American history, Abraham Lincoln, suffered from a mood/bipolar disorder, which is a condition where the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate. Depression/unipolar depression and ipolar disorder are two major types of mood disorder. According to many historians, the Emancipation Proclamation creator suffered from depression. (http://www. disabled-world. com/artman/publish/mooddisorders-famous. shtml) But, this did not stop Lincoln from aiding to free slaves in the South and even playing a major role in uniting the Union and the Confederacy during and after the Civil War. If possessing multiple abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality like a Schizophrenic or containing constant anxiety that stresses a person to an overwhelming rate like a person with an anxiety disorder (http://www. uzzle. com/articles/) was not mind-bottling enough, people should observe the developmental disabilities. Most developmental disabilities are complex learning disabilities like ADD/ADHD, down syndrome, or autism that almost all of these victims are born with due to unfortunate genetics. For instance, asperser syndrome, which has symptoms like being reluctance to listen or difficulty understanding social situations, etc, is another learning disability that is caused mainly by genetics.Therefore, many legendary American presidents or congressmen like Abraham Lincoln, Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were diagnosed with Asperser’s. Even famous American inventors like Alex Graham Bell, who invented the telephone, Henry Ford, who created Ford cars, and Thomas Edison had Asperser syndrome. Additionally, Thomas Edison, as well as, Woodrow Wilson possessed dyslexia, which is a specific learning disability that manifests primarily as a difficulty with written language, particularly with reading and spelling (http://www. isabled-world. com/artman/publish/article_2130. shtml#ixzz1jOL7TeXN ). Many Americans, at some point in their life, can dream of being the president of the United States. Or many American can imagine inventing an item almost as useful as a time machine, or even impact America so immensely that their name will forever be echoed in history. But, almost all of American didn’t dream of accomplishing these great deeds in a wheelchair, or with vision and/or hearing impairments, or even with a severe learning disability.Yet, many historical Americans ranging from Abraham Lincoln and FDR to Thomas Edison and Helen Keller maybe dreamed or didn’t dream of making such impacts on our country. Nevertheless, these legends achieved all these tasks with disabilities under their belt. Perhaps disabled Americans won’t achieve such monumental tasks, or have their name repeated in the history books. Perhaps disabled Americans will never live what some people consider â€Å"a normal life†. But, maybe there are more Americans with physical, mental, and developmental disabilities than most people presume.Maybe since there were so many disabled Americans that accomplished so much throughout history, as well as, in our country today that disabled people could be considered. Or perhaps most disabled Americans won’t live an ordinary life. These Americans could live an extraordinary life. Works Cited â€Å"Disabilities | Define Disabilities at Dictionary. com. † Dictionary. com | Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary. com. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions | Autism Speaks. † Autism Speaks |. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Arthritis | Buzzle. com. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"List of Disabilities and Disability Facts | Buzzle. com. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous Blind and Vision Impaired Persons. † Dis abled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous Well Known People with Hearing Impairments and Deafness. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People Who Had and Have Polio. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Club Feet or Foot. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Asthma. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan. 2012. . â€Å"Famous People with Mood Disorders. † Disabled World. Web. 14 Jan.

How successful can the management of fragile environments can be?

How successful can the management of fragile environments be, given the constant and increasing demand for their exploitation? A fragile environment is an area where the flora and fauna have adapted to a specific climate and evolved to occupy many different niches due to extremely high competition for resources. Furthermore due to the constant abiotic conditions, specialisation and symbiotic relationships have occurred to such a degree that even the slightest ecological or environmental disruption cannot be accommodated, meaning individual habitats and ecosystems can be easily destroyed.This combination of specialisation and interdependence increases the overall fragility and vulnerability of this biome Fragile environments can be exploited in different ways, and for different reasons. For example the Amazon Rainforest, an equatorial tropical rainforest biome, has been significantly exploited for its agricultural potential and natural resources; cattle ranching, soya bean and palm oi l plantations, mining and timber. The most significant consequence of these forms of exploitation is deforestation.There are many management strategies to combat deforestation, popular choices are; legislation, ecotourism, selective logging and various tree regeneration schemes. In this essay I will assess the extent to which these management schemes are successful in terms of sustainability and environmental effectiveness, in light of inevitable increasing anthropogenic pressures on tropical biomes around the world. Firstly it is important to identify how fragile environments are exploited and for what gain. If we look at the Amazon Rainforest, one of the major forms of exploitation is land for cattle ranching.Vast expanses of the rainforest are deforested to make way for grassland to rear cattle. This form of exploitation was responsible for 80% of all Amazonian deforestation in 2009, due to the ever increasing global demand for beef as a new wave of middle classes emerge from dev eloping nations with a first world diet. Large soya bean plantations run by major agricultural TNC’s like Cargill in the Amazon increase its land for plantations at rates of 1. 3 million hectares every year. Brazil is one of the world’s top producers of soya bean.The expansion of this market is driven by low transportation costs from improved infrastructure (both in and out of the Amazon) and increasing international demands for livestock feed where China is one of the main consumers, due to rapid economic growth (9% annually) and high demand from its emerging middle classes. The creation of huge mechanised soy monocultures has already been the sole cause of 21 million hectares of deforested rainforest in Brazil and 80 million hectares from the Amazon as a whole, since the early 1970’s.While these industries stated above as well as mining and logging have contributed to 240,000km2 of deforestation in the Amazon, the hunting for bush meat by native Amazonian trib es has put considerable pressure on rainforest fauna. Since the late 1990’s Brazilian Amazon local people consume between 2. 2 to 5. 4 million primates each year. This process is unsustainable as the primates reproduce at a much slower rate than they are consumed. Moreover some of these primates are endangered, meaning reproduction is inherently slower.There is often a conflict of interests between the exploitation and conservation of fragile environments. Thus in order for a fragile environment to be managed successfully a balance must be established. However, in reality this can be difficult to achieve. It is often the case that many countries depend on natural resources from fragile environments for income and trade on the global markets thus making fragile environments an integral part of their economy. This is the case with many LEDC’s, who are reluctant to stop exploiting their activities for fear it will result in economic decline and slower development.In Brazi l for example, much of the mining industry that takes place in the Amazon brought in $9 billion to the country in 2006. Moreover it can be a misunderstanding that most people, who exploit fragile environments like through mining in the Amazon, are doing so out of choice. As most locals have no other viable alternative to generate income for their families. Furthermore indigenous peoples often receive little education regarding global affairs and may not recognise the need for conservation. In addition it is rare that a single fragile environment is endemic to one country, as they often span over several territories.A good example is the Amazon rainforest which lies within Brazil, holding 60% of the forest, Peru 13%, Columbia 10% and with Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana also holding small amounts. This makes it difficult to establish a uniform strategy across the whole are, and made harder still by low funds available for conservation in many of these countries.One of the more popular forms of conservation management is conservation reserves that protect biodiversity and ensure its population lives  sustainably with their environment. One example of such a scheme is the Central Amazon Conservation complex in the Brazilian Amazon. Established in 2003, it brings together four reserves in the Amazon; Jau National Park, Anavilhanas Ecological Station, Mamiraua Reserve and Amana reserve, a total area of 49,000 km2. Sustainable development reserves have protected areas from developments that could have seriously damaged the CACC. Dams, pipelines, mines and commercial logging projects have all been prevented from entering the area.These reserves have improved biodiversity and caused a 100% increase in the black caiman population, and a 300% increase in the pirarucu fish. Economic Alternatives Programs promote sustainable activities whereby local people who make goods from the forest’s natural resources can sell directly to buye rs without going through ‘middle men’ who charge a commission. Thus ensuring a decent income, preventing any local farmers giving up land to major commercial agricultural firms, where the land is likely to be deforested and indigenous communities displaced.Overall the economics alternative program has reduced poverty, increasing household incomes by 50-99%. However this protecting such a large area can be difficult. The vastness of the area means it is majorly understaffed, thus making the control and regulation of illegal activities difficult. Only 100 volunteer guards and 150 employed members of staff are present in the Amana and Mariraua reserves – combined area of 2,490,000 hectares of land. The size of the protected areas and the number of staff available makes it is very difficult to prevent access into the reserves.In Jau National park, an area of 2,272,000 hectares, there’re only 4 permanent members of staff. Thus fish and turtle poaching remains a n unresolved problem. As populations increase around peripheral settlements, more stress is put on it to satisfy the demands of the populations, for example many towns in the heart of the rainforest suffer from intensive poaching of primates and manatees. Overall it may seem that despite efforts, and indeed success, of implementing such conservation schemes, may decrease in effectiveness following growing demand for the Amazons resources from increasing population pressure.Ecotourism is also a popular way of generating income for the local people as well as promoting conservation. It is a popular method of generating income in developing countries without billion dollar investments. Local people can act as guides or be providers of transport and accommodation – creating a source of income. The environmental low impact theme and conservation awareness can potentially bring in public and private investment. In addition it is a more environmentally friendly form of employment co mpared to other occupations such as logging and commercial agriculture.Plus if the country makes the economic transition from a manufacture to service sector economy, the government will have an indirect economic incentive to conserve the environment through promoting ecotourism. Ecotourism has already proved to be an economic, environmental and social success. For example, Costa Rica has been pumping in US$1. 6 million annually since 2000 from ecotourism, resulting in jobs for local people and 25% of its land under government protection. GNP per capita rose from $1500-$2000 between 1978 and 1992.The village of Tortuguero, Costa Rica, a satellite settlement to the Talamancan national park took a survey which indicated that 88% were highly satisfied with the multiplier effects from ecotourism in the park; such as local employment empowerment and government funding into building eco lodges on old farmland in the village; attracting tourists to spend in their local economy. However, th ere are cases where ecotourism has not benefitted the local community or the country as a whole.It is often the case that an ecotourism service is provided by an international agent, whereby revenue is repatriated overseas, away from the local community. Moreover even if the service is provided by host nation companies, the jobs can be seasonal, menial and in most cases, low paid. The influx of wealth and foreign exchange can shift political and economic conditions to make the country or area dependant on tourism as opposed to domestic economic practises. This induces a degree of instability to the industry, making it vulnerable to sudden economic change, such as the global financial crisis in 2008.This can create a lack of demand and subsequent economic decline in the area and ultimately forcing the local population into occupations that unsustainably exploit natural resources. In conclusion, it is can be said with a degree of confidence that most schemes are beneficial to an exten t. Land which is protected, conserved and managed sustainably outweighs the possible environmental damage that can occur due to poor management and lack of funding towards the scheme. Moreover it is the schemes which involve the local community that have the biggest potential to be successful.Managing the environment whereby its inhabitants are able to reap the full economic benefits of its natural resources allows; growth, development and investment into the local economy – Thus resulting in a self-sustaining operation. However, as world population is not yet set to peak until 2050, the pressure on the environment and demand for resources is only set to increase. It is also worth noting that in the light of possible changes to our global climate system in the coming decades there will be an even greater threat to the Earth’s fragile environments.With the effects of anthropogenic induced climate change causing more extreme weather, the constant abiotic factors that hav e shaped our fragile environments across the globe face a deadly, permanent change. If we are to preserve any type of fragile environment at all, it could be argued that a universal effort to reduce our carbon footprint would be the most successful long term scheme to ensure the survival of the Earth’s biodiversity.

Racial Conflicts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Racial Conflicts - Essay Example These racial conflicts have brought the societies to a different level, and seem to be rising day by day. With the existence of the racial conflicts, the history has shown how immensely they have affected the world economy and the standard of living. Although it is a global issue, it has been seen that each society has been adversely hit by the problem resulting in the impact on their quality of life. The world is one place which has to be protected and our species given the right to live freely. Unfortunately, due to the value of life, conflicts arise constantly crossing the ideas of religion, social class, and appearances. Although it can be assessed that most of us can live with at least one, but for most of us, it is a critical point (Levine 128). As an effect, the political leaders feel constantly pressurized as to the influence of these racial groups. And thus, while making necessary decisions, they might as well feel partial or biased. Their choices tend to reflect the whole world. This is because control of one country affects the surrounding countries as well and impacts the racial groups throughout the globe, if of the same kind. The other countries thus act as a chain of reactions that may be brought in one country. In many ways, it has been assessed that the racial conflicts are not the result of few, but of many. And it does not only affect one of the aspects but affects the whole globe collectively. These racial conflicts have been affecting the various factors of the globe. On one hand, it affects the psychological growth of the racial group as they have to suffer criticisms, unfairness, and inequality in the society at the hands of the majorities.  Ã‚  

Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Bibliography - Essay Example Moreover, the article emphasizes the legal right of people to carry guns in a democratic country like the United States, and so this becomes the basis of further investigation as to how far should the legality of one’s right be acknowledged vis-à  -vis safety and security. A Florida gun-rights group in the name of Florida Carry decided to file a lawsuit against the University of Florida because the latter has allegedly and unjustly instituted a total gun ban in its campus. Furthermore, according to the gun-rights group, the university has blatantly violated the citizens’ right to carry weapons as it prohibited not only the carrying of weapons but also the storing of weapons in cars within the campus. For this gun-rights group, the right of people to store guns is really a matter of personal privacy. However, there is no stated response from the University of Florida so far. This paper will benefit greatly from the use of this article as a good counterargument against total gun ban laws, while emphasizing the right of people to privacy. This will, however, be counteracted by the idea that safety and security must be the greater priority in an ethical dilemma such as gun-related violence.HemeTop of Form HemeHemHemenway, David & Matthew Miller. "Firearm Availability and Homicide Rates across 26 High-Income Countries."  The Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care  49 (2000): 985-988. Print. The article says that wherever guns are more available in the world, there are definitely more homicides. This is the data of 26 countries culled from databases such as those of the World Bank, public surveys and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, while using the Cook Index statistical tool. Among these countries, the United States is the highest for both the gun count and the homicide count. This work therefore provides the paper with one of

Impact of Technology on Customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact of Technology on Customers - Essay Example Technology has greater influence on each of these phases. The first phase of the NPI process includes resource planning and trade off studies which are essential to identify potential outsource and offshore development opportunities (Benchmark electronics). For this purpose, organizations like Sony Corporation depend on highly developed information technologies including the internet. In the business plan development phase, technology has assisted the Sony to evaluate market opportunity, market risk, and other technical risks; hence the company could deliver effective services to its customers by understanding the main business issues behind product launching. Sony Corporation updates project costs and other project parameters in the project execution phase. Technology plays a significant role in the updation of projects parameters and development of deliverables for the next phase. Conducting gate reviews, the final stage of the NPI project makes sure that predefined conditions have been achieved and hence the project development is on track. In short, Sony Corporation greatly depends on technology in order to carry out its new product implementation programs effectively, and this practice in turn provides larger benefits to ultimate customers. Ways that added value from new technology Global organizations like Sony Corporation get ranges of benefits from the fast growing technology. The Sony has an online network presence in several formats. For instance, one of the company’s websites offers different information on its products and services. This website also provides information on corporate applications for its product and service offerings. Similarly, the company provides a Sony Card and PlayStation Card to its customers with intent to allow them in earning redeemable points while they purchase the company’s products and services. Sony’s Rebate Zone website gives rebates by mail following the purchase of a Sony HVR-V1U HDV Camcorder o r a Sony HVR-DR60 Hard Disk Recorder/Player (Sony marketing mix). The company’s expenditure of over $5 billion in 2009 can be directly attributed to its focus on research and development (R&D) activities. In addition, the focus on R&D has aided the company to launch technologically improved products in the market. For instance, the introduction of BRAVIA, ZX1, VAIO P series of notebook computer, and the Cyber-shot HX1 compact digital camera can be attributed to the company’s increased concentration on R&D activities. This practice also enables the company to revise its product base periodically. It is clear that R&D activities are largely based on wider application of modern technology. As a result of the faster technological development, the company is able to offer improved services to its customers. Support plan for customers Sony Corporation is a global company that daily deals with millions of customers. Customer satisfaction can be completely met only if customer s are provided with effective after sales services. In order to effectively answer various customer queries, the company must apply improved modern technology. Firstly, it is advisable for the company to establish an effective customer care system that offers 7/24 hours’ service. In addition, the company can offer toll free services to its customers for interacting with its customer care.

Dewey and the New Vocationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dewey and the New Vocationalism - Essay Example John Dewey argues that workers often become no more than "industrial fodder" in a society controlled by money interests. Denied access to information and accumulated wisdom, workers are disempowered and removed from the realm of decision-making. This reality holds dramatic implications for the health of a democratic society. One such issue in the early 1900s was the proposal that industrial education be provided for children leaving school at twelve or fourteen. The need for this education was manifest in the glaring unfitness of such boys and girls for the work into which nearly all of them went. Not being able to hold their jobs, they drifted from place to place where they learned nothing and where advance became impossible. Educators, social workers, parents, employers, and organizations such as the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education had long advocated vocational education for these children; more recently some state legislatures had taken up the matter. Dewey, having long recognized the need of industrial education, was one of its strongest supporters. Dewey aligned himself with those who favored a single, integrated system of education. He agreed that the dual system would involve costly duplication; that it would nullify much of what had been done in enriching and revitalizing traditional academic education by taking out of the traditional system those manual, industrial, and vocational activities just recently put in; and that it would tend to promote social cleavages among both children and adults. For Dewey: a society in which every person shall be occupied in something which makes the lives of others worth living, and which makes the ties which bind people together more perceptible...It denotes a state of affairs in which the interest of each in his work is uncoerced and intelligent...[19] Another concern of Dewey was that a narrowly conceived approach to vocational education would perpetuate social divisions and in a hardened form, for both the employers and the employees would be intellectually limited. This could leave the employer class confined to issues of profit and power, and the employee class concerned only with monetary return from their labor. This would involve a limitation of intelligence to "technical and non-humane, non-liberal channels."[20] http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/97_docs/marshall.html Dewey urged to adopt the integrated system already in use in some of the country's more progressive schools. The old time general, academic education is beginning to be vitalized by the introduction of manual, industrial and social activities; it is beginning to recognize its responsibility to train all the youth for useful citizenship, including a calling in which each may render useful service to society and make an honest and decent living. (1913, p. 144). (Morgan V. Lewis 2001) Everywhere the existing school system is beginning to be alive to the need of supplementary agencies to help it fulfill this purpose, and is taking tentative but

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Coursework Example It is important for business managers to understand the difference between efficiency and effectiveness. There is a minor difference between efficiency and effectiveness. Following is the definition and difference between efficiency and effectiveness: Efficiency: With respect to workplace it r refers to the time to perform a work with less time and more accuracy. For example, if a person writes one page with accuracy in 20 minutes and his counterpart writes the same page with same accuracy in half an hour. Then the person that takes just 20 minutes to write a page with the same accuracy that his colleague writes in 30 minutes is more efficient. Effectiveness: with respect to workplace it refers the level of results from the work of employees or managers. In effectiveness the emphasis is on quality rather than on time. In businesses, sometimes quality is more important than time. So in such case it does not matter if someone finishes a work in 20 minutes or 30 minutes. It is the effectiveness of the results that matter. Difference: Efficiency is a work done per unit time whereas, effectiveness is a work done over a comparatively more period of time. Efficiency is based on quality of work and time taken to complete that work. On the other hand, effectiveness is more focused on quality and less focused on the time. Answer: There is no denying of the fact that all businesses are interested in achieving higher levels of efficiency and effectiveness. There are numerous reasons behind this interest of businesses. Following are main three reasons behind this: 2. The quest of higher levels of efficiency and effectiveness make a sense of responsibility in employees and merit for promotion and benefits of employees are determined through efficiency and effectiveness. Answer a: For conducting financial analysis using accounting ratios, Visa Inc. has been selected. Visa Inc. is a global

Asian American Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asian American Analysis - Article Example Social Needs and Issues According to Sharon Lee: "As many Asian American studies scholars have pointed out, Asian Americans are depicted as model minorities but they are also portrayed as foreigners, disloyal to America," (2008, par 10) Lee further elaborates that: "Dual images of Asian Americans as model minorities, people to be praised and emulated and embraced, and foreign threats, people to be watched, monitored, and distrusted, have long been a part of U.S. history." (2008, par 11) How can Asian American students of the Chinese, Indian and South Korea origin reject these types of stereotypes without hurting their academic record It is nearly impossible. Many Asian American students feel that if they are going to break the stereotype, they should and will fail their classes. This will hopefully, in their minds, put them outside the mold and beyond the stereotype, and perhaps earn the trust of other classmates as well. This is something that a counselor and a school must keep in mind when realizing that Asian American failure rates are going up; a big inspiration for this problem is the desire to "fit in" with other students by "getting out" of their Asian American stereotypes.Another important item to consider is the fact that Asian American families generally want their children to be acculturated but not want them to be assimilated. Most of the parents speak their first language in the homes. Many of the parents are immigrants and may not speak English fluently. Therefore, this can cause concerns as far as fitting in and social norms are concerned. This means that these Asian American students may never feel fully accepted, nor may they ever be able to achieve full acceptance as their culture holds... From this study it is clear that the general stereotypes affect Asian Americans psychologically.   If they are not currently successful students, they may be too frightened to ask for help, thinking they will be rejected because of who they are, or ostracized by those within their own ethnic group.   This causes a threat for Asian American students that are failing, because intervention will be key; counselors must understand that these students will more than likely not ask for help.This paper stresses that  as far as education is concerned, there is a stereotype surrounding Asian Americans that puts quite a bit of pressure on their academic achievement.   Generally, Asian Americans of the Chinese, Indian and South Korean origin. are expected to perform well, and if they do not, they often feel very depressed and are embarrassed to ask for assistance.  Ã‚   According to Kim and Yeh: â€Å"Moreover, dispelling the Asian American universal academic success myth, the Educati onal Testing Service found that twelfth grade students from six major ethnic groups (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, South Asian, and Southeast Asian) had significant variations in their educational backgrounds and achievement†.  ETS also demonstrated how stereotyping has led to the neglect of the development of student services and support for the many Asian American students who are undereducated and have low socioeconomic status†.

Charge of the Light Brigade and the Last of the Light Brigade Essay Example for Free

Charge of the Light Brigade and the Last of the Light Brigade Essay The themes of The Charge of the Light Brigade and The Last of the Light Brigade both have to deal with soldiers battling for their country; however, the key difference that separates the two is that the theme of The Charge of the Light Brigade has more of a positive tone than The Last of the Light Brigade The themes of both The Charge of the Light Brigade and The Last of the Light Brigade bot have to deal with soldiers battling for their country; however, the tone of the two different poems is different that differentiate the two. In The Charge of the Light Brigade, the tone of the poem has more of a positive aspect: â€Å"Boldy they rode and well,/Into the jaws of Death,/Into the mouth of Hell/Rode the six hundred,†(Paragraph 3, line 6-8). This shows how they boldly rode into battle, which is a more of a positive connotation because they are doing an act of bravery for their country. In this instance, the people in The Charge of the Light Brigade were portrayed in a more positive aspect than the latter. Another key contrast between these two poems is that the connotation and the diction they used is quite different. In The Last of the Light Brigade, they use diction that conveys the tone of melancholy and depression, whereas The Charge of the Light Brigade has a more positive aspect. â€Å"They had neither food nor money, they had neither service nor trade;/They were only shiftless soldiers, the Last of the Light Brigade,†(Lines 3-4). This gives the poem a more desolate tone by saying they did not have money or food, and that is the words that the author uses to convey the message in the poem, whereas The Charge of the Light Brigade use more positive diction that gives the reader a sense of optimism. â€Å"Storm’d at with and shot and shell,/ boldly they rode and well,†(21-22). In this aspect, it shows that the soldiers were given a more positive aspect just by the words they used compared to the Last of the Light Brigade, which is a more desolate poem due to the words they chose. Overall, the poem is very similar in many aspects, but the differences keep these poems extremely distinct from each other. They all have to do with battle, but the diction and themes in both poems causes them to be different from each other.

Juvenile justice system Essay Example for Free

Juvenile justice system Essay Researchers and psychologists have list of typical behaviors that are exhibited by juvenile delinquents. The list also includes traits that experts referred to as indicators or predictors of delinquency. Typically, violent school children are engaged in unhealthy activities such as smoking, drinking, and drug use and of early sexual activities. They also have very poor academic performance. Researches say that violent school children are typically irresponsible in the sense that they lack the sense of accountability as they tend to blame others for their behaviors. They are often resort to vandalism, uncooperative, no sense of loyalty and are poor team players (Case, Travis). Violent children also develop anti-social behavior which makes him feared by other children as his tendency of hurting others is at high rate. There are however been several measures adapted and implemented by both schools and the government to attend to this problem in cooperation with the parents. One famous experiment made was the Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT) Program which have actually been recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) (Stoolmiller, Mike et. al. ) Researchers conducted the experiment in 12 elementary schools in a metropolitan area with about 200,000 student population. Participants totaled 671 students in 32 classrooms. The researchers concluded that the implementation of such intervention program had greatly reduced the aggressive behaviors of the participants but the long-term effects are still under follow-up studies. In the research made by another group, 800 Seattle school children were exposed to similar intervention program. Hawkins Social Development Research Group gave parents special training course in interactive teaching, classroom monitoring, cooperative learning, and proactive disciplinary skills to prevent problems from arising. Their training also included positive reinforcement and risk reduction of alcohol and drug use. On the other hand, children were taught impulse control, how to get what they want without aggressive behavior, and how to recognize the feelings of other people. The program was however concluded as a failure since it did not have significant effect in altering negative behaviors. â€Å"It did not have a major impact on reducing the proportion of students who had tried cigarettes or drugs at age 18† (Schwarz, Joel 1999). In the early 19th century, there are already efforts made to reduce juvenile delinquency by making school attendance compulsory. This social control for juvenile delinquency also required that all children be sent to school and so all children should be pulled-out from the workplace (Feld, Barry 1999). Despite this, researchers especially psychologists still find it the most effective and efficient means of reducing juvenile delinquency for parents and elders to set themselves as excellent role models of moral uprightness. 2. What are some of the key principles of the juvenile justice system that distinguish it from the criminal justice system? What can be done to ensure that these principles are protected so the juvenile justice system remains distinct from the adult system? While criminal justice system aimed at punishing the criminal offender, 1the juvenile justice system primarily aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of the juvenile offender into society. In this regard, an independent juvenile justice system is required to be established. A legal scholar argues that these principles are measures to adjust to the less developed cognitive ability and still developing social skills of the youth (Zimring, Franklin 1998, page 69). Zimring argues that youth offenders should have â€Å"diminished responsibility† relative to their offenses as compared with adult offenders. He explained that this was based on the grounds that youth actually do not yet have the well-developed ability to decide on things relative to real-life decisions because there are not yet mature enough to understand the real course of life. Because of immaturity and the skill of self-control, Zimring argues that this may have been a major contributor to an adolescent committing crime. Peer pressure among youth is also of great influence to juvenile delinquency. As Zimring puts it, the immediate pressure of peers is the real motive for most teenage crime. Peer pressure is one thing that youth lack the capacity to withstand and this might have been the answer to the research findings that majority of the youth offenders do not repeat their offenses after they have reached maturity. The age of the offender is a primary consideration in the juvenile justice system aside from the serious consideration of the offender’s circumstances. The Human Rights Commission of the United Nations asserts that juvenile justice system should 2ensure that decisions on the cases of youth offenders should be solely for the best interest of the child and that such decisions should ensure that the offender shall have his due worth and dignity be highly considered. In order to ensure that these principles are protected, the UN’s Human Rights Commission requires that the justice system for youths â€Å"be established with especially trained staff. † It is also recommended by the same body that youth offenders should be separately detained with that of the adults (The Beijing Rules, 1985). Since these children are expected to be immature in terms of cognitive and social aspects of their lives, they should be treated accordingly. This is the main purpose why the justice system’s personnel should be well-trained parallel to the needs of the youth offenders. Coordination with specialized institutions, particularly those whose aims are relative to strengthening and developing the moral and spiritual aspects of these children will be of great help. This way, the children will also have the assurance that they will be taken care of instead of being punished. The American Prosecutors Research Institute suggests a more comprehensive and balanced principles that are to be implemented in the operations of the juvenile justice system. They suggest that the system should implement community protection, offender accountability and competency development (Harp, Caren , November 2002). Harp argues that when these three modern principles are strictly implemented, the justice system for youth offenders have the assurance that it will â€Å"operate in the best interest of the child and the community. † It is important for children to pay the price of their actions in order for them to learn and develop the sense of accountability or responsibility (The Denver Post, August 30, 2007). They are arrested and detained to segregate them from the community for a time until they learn to act responsibly. They are to be under custody to let them know that immaturity is never an excuse for being accountable. While in custody, it is important that they spend such time in engaging with activities that will develop their personality because juvenile offenders are more importantly to be educated than to be incarcerated (Allah, Dasun, The Village Voice, 2002). This is what Harp is pointing to as competency development through competency-enhancing work which is needed to ensure that these offenders will still the chance of living a better life after they are released from rehabilitation. 3. Discuss the most important advantages to community treatment for juvenile offenders. Has community corrections (probation, juvenile intensive probation supervision, electronic monitoring) generally been successful? Explain. The Hamilton County of Indiana has enumerated some benefits that can be derived from the implementation of community corrections. First the offender will be able to learn the sense of accountability since he has to serve in prison as his punishment for his delinquent actions. In consideration of the children’s immaturity, community corrections ensures that the offender be able to realize the importance of learning how to handle himself and his actions in order not to hurt anyone anymore. Through community corrections the public is ensured of its safety since offenders are to be held under close and strict monitoring or supervision. Since competency and skills development programs and activities are integrated in the community corrections, offenders will have the chance to make things right while there is still time. This way their families and the community are benefited both ways in the sense that offenders, after being treated in the corrections, will likely be going out to leave a far better life compared to his past. Since the system staff is expected to be especially trained in attending to the needs of the juvenile offenders, these children will have the better chance of improving their own personalities. In the community corrections, offenders feel more enthusiastic and have high self-esteem since they are being treated with special attention to their personal emotional needs. Community corrections programs spare offenders many of the negative effects of incarceration (Howard Society of Alberta, 1998). Offenders are treated not as criminals who are supposed to be punished rather they are there to be educated with life lessons especially to learn the sense of accountability. With community corrections, offenders are not segregated from the community as criminals since educational and competency programs are implemented in order to prepare them to face the challenges of life after their release. Employment opportunities are open for those who are graduates of community corrections. Such facilities are also cheaper than prison maintenance so government is able to save much money for running prison bars. REFERENCES 1 Juvenile Justice. Juvenile Justice Canada. February 06, 2006. Retrieved on September 04, 2007 from http://www. amnesty. ca/themes/resources/children/juvenile_justice_background. pdf 2Human Rights Commission. United Nations. United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines). Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 45/112 of 14 December 1990. Retrieved on September 04, 2007 from http://www. unhchr. ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp47. htm Allah, Dasun. Incarcerate or Educate? The Village Voice. February 27-March 05, 2002. Retrieved on September 05, 2007 from http://www. villagevoice. com/news/0209,allah,32636,5. html Bright, Martin. Youth Prison Not Safe For Children. The Observer. May 19, 2002. Retrieved on September 04, 2007 from http://www. vachss. com/help_text/archive/youth_prison_uk. html Case, Travis. Identifying Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents. Retrieved on September 05, 2007 from http://www. traviscase. org/Teens/CharacteristicsJD. html Feld, Barry C. (1999). Bad kids. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 17-57 Hamilton County Indiana. Benefits of Community Corrections. Retrieved on September 06, 2007 from http://www. co. hamilton. in. us/services. asp? id=5019entity=2102 Harp, Caren. Bringing Balance to Juvenile Justice. The American Prosecutors Research Institute. November 2002. Retrieved on September 05, 2007 from http://ndaa. org/publications/apri/juvenile_justice_monograph_nov_2002. html John Howard Society of Alberta (1998). Community Corrections. Retrieved On September 06, 2007 from http://www. johnhoward. ab. ca/PUB/C29. htm#effec Mason, Timothy. The Characteristics of Delinquents. Retrieved on Septeber 05, 2007 from http://www. timothyjpmason. com/WebPages/Deviance/Deviance4. htm Scwarz, Joel. High school students violent behavior, drinking, sexual activity drops, and school performance rises from elementary school interventions. March 14 1999. Retrieved on September 06, 2007 from http://uwnews. washington. edu/ni/article. asp? articleID=1553 Stoolmiller Mike et. al. Treating Violent and Aggressive Children. Retrieved on September 06, 2007 from http://www. selfhelpmagazine. com/articles/child_behavior/treatviolent. html Zimring, Franklin E. (1998). American youth violence. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 69-83

Character Exploration Of Fifth Business

Character Exploration Of Fifth Business Robertson Davies Fifth Business portrays the progress of a lost man, Dunstan Ramsay. A snowball thrown by Percy Staunton misses Dunstan and hits Mary Dempster, forces Dunstan to carry the responsibility of causing the premature birth of Paul and the insanity of Mary on his shoulders his entire life. Guilt follows and threatens to swallow Dunstan whole, as Dunstan struggles in his quest for his role as fifth business, Liesl enters into Dunstans life, important for the development of Dunstan as a person. While Liesl may not be good according to society, she plays a significant role in Dunstans development and psychological rebirth and allows Dunstan to understand his role as fifth business. The development of Dunstans character in the novel begins when Dunstan falls in love with Faustina. But it is Liesl that allows Dunstan to understand his function as Fifth Business., and shows him through physicality and illogical wonders. Liesl is an intelligent woman with a deformed body, which cautions the readers to be more concern into the many differences of beauty. Liesl appears only near the end of Fifth Business but she plays an important role in the novel and affects the end of the novel, where she brings out the conscious part of Dunstans personality. Liesl knows that Dunstan is a hagiographer, and she praises Dunstan to draw confidences out of him, she was a woman who could draw our confidences(Davies, 207). With Liesl, they began to have conversations Dunstan had never have before. Dunstan is able to share some of his secrets he kept for fifth year and unload some of the burden. Though Dunstan ask Liesl not to share his secrets to anyone else, but she refuses, because one pays a high price for secrecy and secrecy makes him look grim-mouthed and buttoned-up and hard-eyed and cruel, because [he is] cruel to [himself] (Davies, 208). Dunstan learns from Liesl that his bottled-up feelings have burst their bottl e and splashed glass and acid everywhere (Davies, 211) Dunstan at first is in obsession with the beautiful Faustina, who he mistaken his lust for Faustina as love. The beginning of a change for Dunstans character is when he loses his love when he walks into a dressing room where he is shocked to surprisingly find Faustina and Liesl in a lesbian embrace while having passionate kisses. Dunstan was stunned by this and is reduced to bitterness because it ended his little boys dream of having Faustina. He tries to make sense of what he just saw, I never knew such a collapse of the spirit even in the worst of the war. And this time there was no Little Madonna to offer me courage or ease me into oblivion. (Davies, 211) Dunstan finds himself in rage because his morals gets twisted when he saw Faustina and Liesl, but he is quickly confronted by Liesl. Liesl replaces the Little Madonna, and she starts to console Dunstan in her own ways. Liesl questions Dunstan, asking him why, if he loves Faustina so much, he never gives her anything? That is you privilege, watching life from the sidelines and knowing were all the players go wrong. Life is a spectator sport to you. Now you have taken a tumble and found yourself in the middle of the fight, and you are whimpering because it is rough. (Davies, 212) After Liesl was done talking to Dunstan, Dunstan has a fistfight with Liesl, which leads to having a great burden being lifted off of Dunstan and he gains courage and further develops his character. After Liesl timidly reenters Dunstans bedroom later that night, the two talk for hours. Dunstan finally understands from Liesl that with all the guilt he carries with him throughout his life, he is not very human. I wanted to tell you that you are human, like other peopleYou make yourself responsible for other peoples troubles. (Davies, 216) But every man has a devil, and a man of unusual quality, like yourself, Ramsay, has an unusual devil. You must get to know your personal devil. (Davies, 217). Liesl poses the question, Who are you? Where you you fit into poetry and myth? Do you know who I think you are, Ramsay? I think you are Fifth Business, the one who knows the secret of the heros birth and whose career often outlasts the golden voices (Davies, 217). At the end, Liesl and Dunstan fall asleep happily after they make love, With such a gargoyle! And yet never have I known such deep delight or such an aftermath of healing tenderness! (Davies, 218). Dunstan then finds his morals back because of Liesl. With Liesl telling Dunstan the truth about life and on his role as a fifth business, it causes Dunstan to fill his emotional emptiness. This results in letting Dunstan finish his role by bringing Boy and Paul together and concluding their story. Liesl has shown to play an important role in the novel because she helped Dunstan to develop into his character at the end and he was able to conclude the story of Boy and Paul. Dunstan leads a double life that seems to be outwardly ordinary and normal. It is Liesl that makes Dunstan realize his flaws, and it is Liesl that gives him the initial push which ultimately helps finally complete his journey to search his inner self. As a result, Dunstan was quickly pointed out to his problems, and given a little nudge in the right direction of his fate as his character, and becomes Fifth Business. Thus making Liesls job complete because as a result of Liesl bringing forth these truths about life, it brought Dunstan to the last stage of his characters development. Even though Dunstans character development bean with Faustina, this also shows that Dunstan plays a vital role in bringing forth the characters repressed guilt that brings Boys death as well as the end of the novel.

Rawls Justice Is Fairness :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phil.104   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Word Count:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Take Home Exam # 1: Essay-2 John Rawls never claimed to know the only way to start a society, but he did suggest a very sound and fair way to do so. He based his just scenario on two principles of justice. His first principle of justice was that everyone should have the same rights as others. His following policy decision was that in the event of any inequalities, they should be to the benefit to everybody, and available to all people in the society. This original Rawl’s approach to justice has been highly revered by philosophers to this day. This is mostly because Rawl’s has thought up one of the fairest Utopia since the days of Socrates. This is not an easy of a task as it sounds. Though when analyzed by even the most naà ¯ve philosophers, it seems that Rawl’s scenario base of principles are pretty obvious and simple. Maybe because some of these same principles can be found in present day society. The United States tries to pride itself in maintaining these two principles at all costs. I n some countries even regarding these principles as fair can cause you to go away for a very long time. The most commonly known to the term â€Å"political prisoner† is Gedhun Choekyi Niyami, the eleventh Panchen Lama, as proclaimed by the Dalai Lama in 1995. The record holding youngest political prisoner is a nine-year-old Chinese boy seized by the Chinese Government. A parent should have no fear of losing a child like this. Under Rawl’s system, tragedies such as this are virtually impossible. Under the first principle that states the rights of all are equal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rawl’s principles were found justified by visualizing real people forming a system of laws including the ramifications of a â€Å"justified complaint†. A justified complaint is an accusation by a member of society against another member of society. To have a system of justice the society must have means of answering the beckoning of the populace. If a society does not attend to the offense of its own people then it is not a true society. Society is based on the principle of a consensus unanimously choosing their governing rules and laws. However the limitations of a â€Å"justified complaint† are unclear depending on what the consensus agrees to. Though the one rule that must apply is the fact that a complaint must be made by a law abider to be a â€Å"justified complaint†.

Abortion :: essays research papers

Sara is driving down 7th avenue in her red pickup truck, in a hurry and traveling well over the speed limit. Becky, who is 3 months pregnant, is waiting to cross the street on the corner of 7th avenue and Bell. The street light changes and Becky is signaled by the crosswalk sign to proceed across the street. Sara is putting in a new CD and not paying attention to the fact that she has a red light, without enough time to stop Sara runs the red light and hits Becky who has just started to cross the street. Now Becky is rushed to the hospital, she is hurt but will live but her baby dies. Should Sara be charged with the death of the unborn baby? On the other hand, Jessica, who is a 16-year-old girl, decides to sleep with an 18-year-old boy. She gets pregnant and has an abortion because she is not ready to be a mother. Should Jessica be charged with the death of an unborn baby? The answer to both of the questions is, yes. Abortion is wrong, cruel and most of all, it goes against the word of GOD.When a woman decides to have sex she is taking the chance of getting pregnant, even if she uses protection. If she doesn't want to get pregnant she shouldn't have sex, and she should be responsible enough to suffer the consequences. For example, Carrie is very promiscuous and finds out that she is pregnant, so she goes and has an abortion. Next time Carrie finds out that she has HIV, well she can't pay someone to get rid of her problem so she has to deal with it. Why shouldn't she have to deal with the fact of being pregnant? There are many other options to killing an innocent human: adoption or raising the child with the help of parents. However, some girls are forced to have an abortion.No matter the reason someone has for an abortion, it is still cruel. Some women are forced to have an abortion either by their parents or their spouse. This circumstance is very hard to argue because the woman who is pregnant is not making the choice and should not be held accountable for it. And that is the only reason anyone might consider having an abortion. Look at it like this, Jeff and Bonnie are building a house, what's the first thing they do?

Whether the Realism School Still Works Today with the Iraq War

| Analysis on Whether the Realism School Still Works Today with the Iraq War as the Example| Word count : 4056 MB240672 Zhao Tiantian (Daisy)| | ProfileAdmin [Pick the date] | 1. Introduction After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it seems that the Realism school of international relations has been at an embarrassing position. The scholars of realism had not predicted the result of the confrontation of the United States and Russia.At the same time, with the further development of other schools of the international relations, such as the Liberalism, Constructivism and English school, the realism school is regarded to undergoing a weakening trend, for its inability to give a satisfactory explanation of so much cooperation, negotiation and other situation in the ever-changing political environment. While does that really mean the realism school of international relations lose its significance to study? The answer is definitely no.As one of the most classical school, flourishing for suc h a long time, it is bound to have its reasonability on some specific issues. Then does it can still be persuasive in this century and explain some specific events in the world nowadays? Is the realism school still practical in analyzing some situation and worthwhile to keep further study on it? The author thinks it is appropriate to study it with an example of war happened recently to see is there any changed expression of the school.In that way, we can understand the school and the world better to promote the development and keep the relatively stable situation of the globe. Even though after the World War Two, there is rare large scale of wars like that, involving so many states or covering so broad area. The disputes, conflicts and wars happened in different regions and among different states, absolutely cannot be compared with the world war. One of the examples of such kind is the Iraq War. On March 20 2003, the United American firstly started an invasion of Ba’athist Ir aq with its coalition, the United Kingdom.Before the war, the governments of two states claimed that Iraq’s alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) posed a threat to their security and that of coalition or regional allies. 1 As we all know, after 9. 11, anti-terrorism has become a top agenda to America, so the US government also condemned Saddam Hussein, the president of Iraq provides the protection and support of Al-Qaeda as well as financial support for the families of Palestinian suicide bombers. On top of this, the human rights abuses of Iraqi government also could be seen as the reason for the US to start the war.While are these reasons really true without other purpose? The investigators of WMD in Iraq did not find any evidence to prove, on the contrary, they got the conclusion that Iraq had already ended its nuclear, biological and chemical program in 1991 and had no active program at the time of the invasion. 2 Even without the permit from the UN, not conforming to the specific rules of international law, the US started a militarily attack to Iraq surprisingly. So is it really a justice war like that announced by the US government, is there any other reason for the start of the war related to the self-interest of the US?This war could embody what kind of information and be relevant to the realism school of international relations? The author would provide a further analysis on it. First, the introduction of the realism school of international relations would be given, which includes the main principles and several branches of the realism school related to the case studied here. Then the author would also present information of the international law and international organizations to show how the US, as the most powerful state today won its purpose and self-interest and protect its security in the â€Å"anarchy† world.And analysis would start from the reason announced by the US government, how they really embody the real in tention of the US. Then try to find is there any other potential reason hided the event in order to prove how the US behaved in line with the realism school. 2. Literature review Realism school of international relations is a kind of theory and practice, focusing on the balance of power among states more than ideality and mortality. There are several fundamental principles of the school.Firstly, the international system is under the state of anarchy which means there is not an authoritarian actor to manage the international society and address the disputes or conflicts among different states. Secondly, the sovereign states are the most significant actors in the international system instead of international organizations, non-government organizations or multi-national enterprises, and sometimes the more attention is given to the great powers which have much more saying in the international interactions.Thirdly, all states within the system are unitary and rational actors. 3Considerin g the other states response to their own behavior, those states would also pay attention to the outside environment and choose the strategic measures to try their best to survive. Because that states always tend to pursue self-interest and groups strive to attain as many resources as possible. 4Fourthly, the most principle goal of a state is survival and security. â€Å"States seek to maintain their territorial integrity and the autonomy of their domestic political order.Survival dominates other motives because, once a state is conquered, it is unlikely to be in a position to pursue other aims. †5 While for this reason, it is possible to lead to a kind of troublesome situation, called â€Å"security dilemma†. It means one state tries to strengthen its military power by increasing its army or other means which could cause the insecurity of another state. Due to the uncertainty of the other’s real intention, lack of information, incentive to misrepresent and some private information, it is very likely for this state to take the same measures to protect itself.Therefore, these two states would be trapped in the â€Å"security dilemma† and that would easily cause the war. Fifthly, power is given the priority by every state, seeking power especially the military power sometimes is regarded as the top agenda for each state. Only with the power, can a state guarantee its security to further pursue other development and stability. Of course, realism is a complex school which could be divided into several specific branches with each distinguished characteristic. First of all, the Classical Realism holds that in the real world, the weak is always falling to the strong.The anarchy to the world means the law of the jungle, so states pursue the maximization of power. Second, Neorealism also called Structural Realism claims that even though the major actor is state, there is not difference in the function of states. What impact the foreign polici es are the various positions of states in the international system structure. Third, Offensive Realism, with the representative of John Mearsheirmer insists on the idea that self-help is the only way to survive without help from the trusted others under the anarchy.Seeking self-interest and establishing its own power are of great importance. What is more, there are Defensive Realism and Neoclassical Realism which the author would not explain too much about them. Then international law should be mentioned here. International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and nations. 6It serves as the indispensable framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations. 7Meanwhile, international law is consent-based governance.This means that a state member of the international community is not obliged to abide by international law unless it has expressly consented to a particular course of conduct. 8 Although many k inds of cooperation and negotiation can be seen in the world, it is still reasonable to consider the inherent reason for them. Does that mean a state could learn to become benevolent, doing good things and thinking of others more than of itself? Under such kind of background, because of the only reliable method of self-help in the anarchical world, international law is so weak as well as the international cooperation.With the spread of Fascism and the explosion of the World War Two, classical realism rose rapidly and dominated the theory and practice of international relations during the period of Cold War. Under the great influence of classical realism, not only the study of international law war greatly affected, but also the practices of international organizations were affected negatively. Some scholars of early realism hold that the international law could play part of role in stipulating and constraining the states’ behavior during the fight for power in the internation al relations.But still many scholars keep doubt to the real function of international law, because of the lack of some important properties like domestic law, such as institutions of legislation, jurisdiction and enforcement. In the book of Edward H Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis he points out the nature of international law that â€Å"international law differs from the municipal law of modern states in being the law of an undeveloped and not fully integrated community. It lacks three institutions which are essential parts of any developed system of municipal law: a judicature, an executive and a legislature. 9To sum up, they tend to regard the international law as a kind of original law with serious flaw. On the other hand, due to the short of compelling force, the international law is considered as soft. 10 On top of the mentioned shortcomings of it, the limitation from willingness of states whether to accept the rules, ambiguity of the law’s provision and other fac tors decide that there is no room to ply for international law to seek power and secure international relations.Especially in the conflict between the states interests and the use of international law which are strong and weak respectively, law has to submit to the reality, for its pursuit of a kind of â€Å"morality†. If a state’s survival is not a focus of a law, namely, if the existing international system causes the successive problems of survival, it is possible for us to get a pessimistic conclusion that states are still trampling the international law. 1 As for the international organizations, with the increasingly more frequent international interaction and the deeper independence among states, they have also showed new changes, such as the larger scale of the organizations and better network of different states compared with the past. The United Nations is one of the largest and also the most important organizations in the world now with the most members. It i s undoubtedly that in the term of controlling the regional conflicts and relieving the expansion of that.But it still faces with lots of challenges, particularly faced with the powerful states holding the superb position, and then its role shows some degree of being weakened which would embody in the following parts of the thesis. 3. Case study After September 11 attack happened in America, Bush, the president of the US announced the war to the â€Å"terrorism† recognized by the US government and put Iraq into the list of â€Å"Axis of Evil†. While on July the 8th 2002, Bush said that changing the Iraq’s regime is one of the American state policies on a press conference, â€Å"taking every measure to realize this goal†.On September the 12th the US government listed the examples of Iraq’s break of its promise to the international community since the Gulf War and urged the UN to take actions to force Iraq to destroy the weapons of mass Destruction. S o in 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify that Iraq was not in possession of WMD and cruise missile. 2 It is easy to get a conclusion that since 2001, there has already been the tight atmosphere or also can be said that the crisis escalated between the US, the only one superpower in the world and Iraq, an important state in the Middle East with great amount of oil reserve. The reason for starting the war as mentioned at the beginning of the paper, firstly, the WMD problem. The US claimed to search and eliminate the weapons of mass destruction. Regardless of the fact that whether Iraq really held the WMD, it is easy to understand the situation that it is the possibility that makes the US really worried.It can be considered as a kind of â€Å"security dilemma†. Iraq may develop the nuclear energy for their own purpose instead of hurting any other states. But due to the preconceived idea of Iraq, regarding it as the â€Å"Axis of Evil† and worry of the potential terrorists of the state to make use of the WMD to continue their destruction, it is understandable for the US to take measures to try to get rid of this crisis in order to protect itself. Why the US does not say too much about the same situation happened in other countries, such as China or Japan?It depends on the real interest relationship between two. The Iraq war also related to the principle of the realism school in which guaranteeing the survival is the most significant goal for a state. The US thought the possession of WMD had become a huge threat to its survival and security. The action that Iraq might have WMD led to the insecurity of the US or the fear for that kind of insecurity. Therefore, two states were trapped into the â€Å"security dilemma†. While as the much more powerful one, the US adopted actions firstly.As to the second reason, to end the human rights abus es in Iraq and to establish an autonomous government for the Iraqi seems really weak. There is no permission for attacking a state for such kind of excuses. Even though such situation existed once, it does not mean that is right. Just from this reason, it is can be seen that the US really regards itself as an indispensable mediator with its strong political and economic strength and superb position in the globe. The author claims that many policies and measures taken by the US stand the emergence of a new kind of hegemony which conforms to the realism school.Why is it said as new? Compared with the traditional hegemony of European countries in different historical periods, like Portugal, Spain, Holland and the UK, the US does not seek the marine hegemony, colonial hegemony or military hegemony, and it has a distinguished theory, purpose and process. In the regard of theory, the US preaches its responsibility of maintaining the international order, emphasizing the moral foundation an d legality of its behavior. In the regard of process, the US is focus on diplomacy, negotiation, economic sanctions and military intervention.The purpose of the military method is to punish those states which violate the international order and human rights instead of conquering the land through military force. And eventually, through the promotion of political and economic system, the influence on lifestyle as well as the spread of ideology, the US would like to maximize the security and interests of itself and lead the world. Before the Iraq war began on 20 March 2003, France, Germany rejected to join the military attack to Iraq with the US.The US only won the support of its old coalition, the United Kingdom. Even on 20 January 2003, French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin declared â€Å"we believe that military intervention would be the worst solution†13 Meanwhile, in March 2003, Hans Bilx, the chief UN weapons inspector reported that â€Å"No evidence of proscribed activities have so far been found† in Iraq, saying that progress was made in inspections which would continue. He estimated the time remaining for disarmament being verified through inspections to be month†. 4 However the US announced that â€Å"diplomacy has failed† and that it would proceed with a coalition of allied countries, called the â€Å"coalition of the willing† to rid Iraq of its alleged WMD. The US government abruptly advised the UN weapons inspectors to leave Baghdad immediately. 15 Under the general circumstances, when the US had not found the evidence of development of WMD and terrorist attack in Iraq, realizing the reason for the war is not sufficient, it should stop its plan invade and turn the follow-up work to the UN and other international organizations.It is regret that America did not do that. What is more, in October 2002 former US President Bill Clinton warned about possible dangers of preemptive military action against Iraq. Speaki ng in the UK on a Labor Party conference he said: â€Å"As a preemptive action today, however well-justified, may come back with unwelcome consequences in the future†¦. I don't care how precise your bombs and your weapons are, when you set them off, innocent people will die. 16 Then what is preemptive war? It means that a war is imminent and appears to be unable to avoid, then one of the states would starts the war, considering the first one would enjoy some kind of advantage. And there is also another kind of theory similar with it, called the â€Å"preventive† self-defense sharing the similar connotation. The Iraq war actually happened in this way. Since September 11 2001, the US had already made preparations for this preventive self-defense.It classified the North Korea, Iraq and Iran as the â€Å"Axis of Evil† and delivered a speech in West Point, saying the victory of anti-terrorism cannot be won by self-defense, we have to launch attack to destroy their pla ns and eliminate the most severe threat in advance. And three months later, Bush’s government issued a document named National Security of the United States explained that even though the US would insist on pursuing support from the international community, it would take measures to practice its right of self-defense and crack down the terrorists preemptively.Therefore, according to the words of President Bush, it is not difficult to find that there are several characteristics of the so-called preventive self-defense. First, only when the US thinks its security is under threat, it has the right to take measures or attack enemies preemptively regardless of the opposition from the international community and objection from the UN. Second, it does not require that the threat is extremely urgent.Maybe a conclusion can be got that the Iraq war is a unilateral military attack taken by the US and the UK, but not being attacked by Iraq or even without solid evidence that the threat i s really serious as well as ignoring the undergoing inspection in Iraq conducted by the Security Council. Moreover, the Article 2 of charter of the United Nations â€Å"All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. 17 should be applied as a basic principle of today’s international law and followed by all states. And different from the self-defense in the Article 51 of Charter of the United Nations in which â€Å"Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and hall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security†18 However without getting the authorization from the Security Council to take military sanction on Iraq, enough proof to be at the dangerous position, the US chose to fight. In line of the existing international law, the Iraq War is an illegal use of military force to a sovereign state.In July 2010, Deputy Prime Minister of the UK Nick Clegg, in an official PMQs session in Parliament, condemned the invasion of Iraq as illegal. 19 So return to the realism reflected relevant to the war, it is the strong power of the US that makes it behave in a disorderly manner without fear, making a detour of the UN and violating the international law to realize its own purpose. Even in the 21st century, the international institutions or orga nizations are still very weak in some situation, especially faced with a superpower.Because this world is still a law of the jungle to a certain degree, the reality of anarchy does not change, even there are some organizations or institutions in the world, what the extent of the role it can play is another story. On the other hand, since the World War One and Two, crisis of oil in 1973 and the Persian Gulf War, states’ leaders have noticed that crude oil is the most important fundamental raw material of the greatest strategic significance. However the major reserve and production area gather in the Middle East where the political situation is always unstable with frequent disputes or conflicts.Therefore, that brings the risks of the provision of the crude oil in the global market. And for that reason, it is likely for us to think the fight for crude oil is or will still be the center of the tense situation of international politics and economy now and future. While the US as one of the greatest consumers of crude oil in the world, conducted fierce competition with other states in this area with conflicts of interests. Particularly after September 11, the US launched the global strategic deployment with anti-terrorism in which also implies the strategic deployment of crude oil.That is why some people analyze we cannot rule out the possibility that the eruption of Iraq war also embodies the pursuit of self-interests in energy of the US. The superpower always places the self-interests on the first place, even chooses a war which is illegal, pretending that justice prevails. 4. Conclusion The realism school seeks the elaboration for the reality of the world instead of the ideal situation. One point of view goes like that since the establishment of the formal international study in 1919, the realism once dominated the realm of it, because it could give an arguable explanation of wars in the world.So the author takes the example of a war happened relatively i n recent years to elaborate the role of realism school. As to the Iraq war, firstly attention goes to the reason for the start, even though the excuse is not enough the US still conducted its attack. Secondly, the process of the war, from not getting the permit from the United Nations to violate the international law, becoming an illegal war, proves that the US depends on its own strong national power and the leading role in the whole world without the fear for the sanctions and condemnation from other states or the international organizations.Just like in the argument of realism school, in the law of the jungle, â€Å"power† is a core factor for deciding a state how to behave in the international interaction. Due to the uncertainty to Iraq’s intention, not knowing whether it really holds the nuclear weapons, whether Iraq would use it to do things related to the terrorism, harming the interests and security of the US, the US government decided to take a preemptive war in advance as a rational actor in order to eliminate the potential risks and protect itself.Meanwhile, The US gives the self-interests a priority and tries to affect other states with its great political and economic influence. Therefore, it is natural for us to get a conclusion that even a war happen today could be conformed to the realism school of the international school. Even after the split of the Soviet Union, it is still taking the significant position in the international relations study and can explain much situation in the globe, especially for the war.And of course, even there are more and more international organizations nowadays, but how to ensure they could play the better role in the international community is an urgent problem to deal with the disputes, conflicts and even wars, only by commitment? It still needs to be done more study on that. Bibliography 1. Center for American Progress (January 29, 2004) â€Å"In Their Own Words: Iraq's ‘Imminent' Threatâ₠¬  Senator Bill Nelson (January 28, 2004) â€Å"New Information on Iraq's Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction Blair, A. (March 5, 2002) â€Å"PM statement on Iraq following UN Security Council resolution† 2.Shrader, K. (22 June 2006) â€Å"New Intel Report Reignites Iraq Arms Fight† Associated Press 3. Realism (International Relations) Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations) 4. Realism (International Relations) Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Realism_(international_relations) 5. John I. Mearshelmer (2001) The Tragedy of Great Power Politics pp. 31 6. â€Å"The Free Dictionary Definition of Human Rights†. The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright  ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009.. ttp://www. thefreedictionary. com/international+law. Retrieved 13 September 2011. 7. Slomanson, William (2011). Fundamental Perspectives on Internationa Law. Boston, USA : Wadsworth. pp. 4-5 8. Slomanson, William (2011). Fundamental Perspectives on Internationa Law. Boston, USA: Wadsworth. pp. 4 9. Edward H Carr The Twenty Years’ Crisis (1981) pp. 170 10. Kenneth W. Abbot and Duncan Snidal, Hard and Soft Law in International Governance, International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 3, Summer 2000, pp. 422 11. Robert J. Berk, Anthony Clark Arend and Robert D. Vander Lugt eds,.International Rules: Approaches from International law and International Relations, New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 1996 P. 94 12. Hersh, Seymour M. (5 May 2003). Selective Intelligence, New Yorker. 13. â€Å"Press conference of Foreign affairs Minister Dominique de Villepin (excerpts)†. Embassy of France in the U. S. 20 January 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. 14. â€Å"Press conference of Foreign affairs Minister Dominique de Villepin (excerpts)†. Embassy of France in the U. S. 20 January 2003. Archived from the original on 27 Septe mber 2006. 15. Iraq War Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Iraq_war 16. â€Å"CNN Inside Politics†. CNN. http://transcripts. cnn. com/TRANSCRIPTS/0210/02/ip. 00. html. Retrieved 23 October 2010. Grice, Andrew (3 October 2002). â€Å"The Independent. â€Å"Clinton urges caution over Iraq as Bush is granted war powers† The Independent (London). http://www. independent. co. uk/news/world/politics/clinton-urges-caution-over-iraq-as-bush-is-granted-war-powers-607775. html. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 17. Charter of the United Nations pp. 4 18. Charter of the United Nations pp. 14 19. Clegg brands Iraq War illegal in his first PMQs – with the backing of No10, Daily Mail, 21 July 2010

Is It so Safe to Use Nuclear Energy? Essay

The fragile environment of our planet is now under threat. Carbon fuels such as coal and oil are running out and their emissions are destroying the ecosystem. To prevent the harmful effect on the environment, Dr Symonds discussed his view that nuclear power is the best affordable way to protect the nature of the Earth. Although the facts introduced at the conference were quite persuasive, there are some points to argue. There was a statement in which Dr Symonds proposed that nuclear energy is safe and environmentally friendly. It preserves fossil fuels and doesn’t produce greenhouse gases. As a result, we will have a chance to save the natural recourses of out planet and to prevent the destruction of the ozone layer. One more idea introduced at the conference was that nuclear energy is affordable for the policy of every country. Many nuclear power plants are already functioning and they are able to produce much more energy. This will shorten the sums of money spent annually on the environmental protection. To a certain limited extent the views of Dr Symonds can be true, but I would argue that the nuclear energy is as safe as he pleads. The radioactive waste and accidents on the plants are the major disadvantages of using it. The accident on one plant can cause a very serious harm and the consequences can be unpredictable. Moreover, the radioactive waste causes even more negative effect that the use of carbon fuels. To sum up, I would say that nuclear energy is not as safe and practical as Dr Symonds suggests. Some of its drawbacks can be even more harmful to the ecosystem of our planet than the usage of carbon fuels. In my opinion, other form of safe and affordable energy should be pursued.

Dolphin 1984

In 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Pain Capital, a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation. Economy, everyone might wonder what mitt will do and he believes in free enterprise, hard work, and innovation. His plan consist of reduce taxes, spending, regulation, and government programs. Mitt's plan to help The United States of America, is to increase the number in Jobs. Rooney plans to increase trade, energy production, human capital, and labor flexibility. With Rooney in the house, Obama care would be out. Roomers view on healthcare consist of the following: wouldn't affect seniors or those near retirement, would not raise taxes, and support to help the pupil choose between traditional Medicare or private plans.This â€Å"Health Care† Rooney speaks of will provide the same are and medicine like Medicare, but to a coverage. Mitt Rooney is pro-life. He believes that all Americans have a voice, that should not be take away from them. People from whatever background know that millions and millions of abortions happen every year. Rooney would like to go to the Supreme Court and overturn Roe v. Wade. With this in mind, Rooney will have each and every state have their own abortion laws. Rooney will protect the Doctors, nurse, etc. Of Hospitals. Meaning Saint Catherine for example, will not be giving abortions. Rooney will have Judges that know the choice between personal opinion and the law.Rooney believes this statement.. † Why are we taking the lives of the most innocent among Marriage is between one woman and one man, or so believes Mitt Rooney. Rooney says he wants to support traditional marriage. Rooney would like to propose a Federal Marriage Amendment to the Constitution defining marriage as between one man and one woman. Paul Ryan Bio Ryan was born in Janesville,Wisconsin. He was the youngest child in his family of four. His mother Elizabeth and his father Paul Murray Ryan who was a lawyer. Paul is a fifth generation. Ryan attended SST. Marry Catholic in Janesville, where he was elected president of his Junior class, and then became prom king.As class president Ryan was a representative of the student body on the school board. Following his sophomore year, Ryan took a Job working the grill at McDonald's. He was on his Nicholls ski,track,and varsity soccer teams and played basketball in a Catholic recreational league. He also participated in several academic and social clubs including the Model United Nations. When he was 16, Ryan found his 55 year old father lying dead in bed off heart attack. ISSUES: Mitt Rooney Taxes Reducing and stabilizing federal spending is essential, but breathing life into the resent anemic recovery will also require fixing the nation's tax code to focus on Jobs and growth.To repair the nation's tax code, marginal rates must be brought down to stimulate entrepreneurship, Job creation, and investment, while still raising the revenue needed to fund a smaller, smarter, simpler government. The principle of fairness must be preserved in federal tax and spending policy. Individual Taxes America's individual tax code applies relatively high marginal tax rates on a narrow tax base. Those high rates discourage work and entrepreneurship, as well as savings ND investment. With 54 percent of private sector workers employed outside of corporations, individual rates also define the incentives for Job-creating businesses. Lower marginal tax rates secure for all Americans the economic gains from tax reform. Make permanent, across-the-board 20 percent cut in marginal rates * Maintain current tax rates on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate taxes for taxpayers with GAG below $200,000 on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate the Death Tax * Repeal the Alternative Minimum Tax (MAT) Corporate Taxes The U. S. Economy's 35 percent corporate tax rate is among the highest in the industrial world , reducing the ability of our nation's businesses to compete in the global economy and to invest and create Jobs at home. By limiting investment and growth, the high rate of corporate tax also hurts U. S. Wages. * Cut the corporate rate to 25 percent * Strengthen and make permanent the R&D tax credit * Switch to a territorial tax system * Repeal the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (AM Rooney Immigration Rooney tends to emphasize border security and an immigration system that will benefit the economy.To secure the borders, Rooney wants to complete the construction of a high-tech fence along the Southern border with Mexico. He says he wants enough officers for border security, but does not specify if more, or how many, officers might be needed. Additionally, he wants to improve the â€Å"exit verification† system to make sure that immigrants do not overstay their temporary visas. To retain skilled workers, Rooney proposes offering permanent residency status to foreign student s who obtain an advanced degree in math, science or engineering at a U. S. University. For industries that need and use temporary workers from outside the United States, Rooney wants to reform the temporary worker visa system by removing requirements that slow the process of obtaining the visa.To discourage immigrants from entering the country, or staying in the country, without proper documentation, Rooney would like to develop an improved employment verification system for employers to ensure that they are not hiring unauthorized immigrants. During the race for the Republican nomination, Rooney argued that there would be no need to increase deportations of unauthorized immigrants because implementing a functional employment verification system would make it difficult for them to find a bob and they would â€Å"self deport. † Rooney also opposes â€Å"magnets,† or benefits, for unauthorized immigrants that he believes encourages immigrants to enter the country without authorization. When he was governor of Massachusetts, he vetoed a bill that would allow in-state tuition for unauthorized immigrants and opposed driver's licenses for illegal immigrants.

Horror in the Maing

Another sub-genre of supernatural horror took off in the sass also, with Carrie 1976), a Stephen King based film, and The Omen (1976), which was part psychological horror, part supernatural; and was strongest in the sass with films such as Poltergeist (1982) and Child's Play (1988). Since sass's Dawn of the Dead horror has been almost always full of gory blood and guts, notable examples being My Bloody Valentine (1981) and Videophone (1983).Today the whole â€Å"gore fest† Is what most horror films are, such as the Saw series (2004-2010), the Final Destination series (2000-). Countless remakes of older, classic horrors are also being churned out, such remakes including The Phantom of the Opera (2004) and The Omen (2006). The horror franchise has truly become a joke, with only a couple of really good horror films having been churned out in the last decade, and constant remarking, gore fests, and sequels being churned out.You can tell it's a Joke thanks to Matthew Horn and James Cordon's Lesbian Vampire Killers (2009), which was clearly taking the muck, and did it successfully, and the Scary Movies (2000-2006) to a less successful degree. HORROR CAN MEAN DIFFERENT THINGS When people think of horror in a film, they might think of blood, gore and violence. Horror can also be used to describe a film containing supernatural themes, or frightening or disturbing content.Older horror films would be based around people's actual fears, the things happening In the movies would be things that could actually happen to a normal excellent, a good example would be Psycho (ODL Hitchcock 1960) It shows a women wanting to escape from her regular life, and running away to meet a partner, stopping in a motel on the way, which is obviously where the troubles begins. Recent horror films have many sub-genres to them and I feel the even though hey do have the same conventions from a typical horror, the pure horror genre is rapidly disappearing.For example, most horrors nowadays h ave a mixed genre; torture films (saw, dir Wan, 2004) thrillers (The departed, dir Scores, 2006) and horror parodies (scary movie, dir Yawns, 2000) The audience attracted to horror films now expect more gore and more fictional, Jumpy storyline, two popular examples being the Mist (dir Dartboard, 2007) and Jeepers Creepers (dir Salsa 2001). Both films included fictional monsters, which we know do not exist in the real world, forever both films are placed under the horror genre because the modern audience find things like this scarier, Fear of the unknown.Audience expectations Why do people choose to watch horror films? Horror films are able to entertain and excite audience on a level other film genres can't. The â€Å"Thrill factor† makes them appealing to audiences and is what makes them so different and unique to other genres. Audiences come to expect certain codes and conventions in any given genre. Horror films are designed to elicit strong emotional reactions from viewers , including fear and dread; Researchers have identified various datives for viewing horror films, including the need for excitement, the desire to feel intense emotions, and distraction from everyday concerns.Although dramatic films can fulfill some of these needs, movies depicting violence and horror have features that other forms of drama do not, including the violation of social norms and the portrayal of events seldom seen in real life. Audiences willingly offer themselves up to sadistic storytellers to be scared witless, and they are happy to pay for the privilege. Theories abound as to why this is so; do we derive basic thrills from reigning the rush of adrenalin which fear brings People rarely view horror films alone.Violent entertainment appeals primarily to males, and it appeals to them mostly in groups. For many young people and adults, horror films are a topic of conversation, a source of shared experience, and a meaner of self-presentation. Not everyone will like the blo od and gore, but many may continue to watch because of other goals, such as demonstrating their ability to tolerate it, or the desire to master the threatening images. As film technology advances and the things that audiences look for in horror films changes