Human Nature in Penn Warrens All the Kings Men :: essays research papers

Princes rescue princesses, they fall in love, conquer all repulsiveness and live happily ever after. While perhaps this is the sort of story the literary public likes to read, according to Robert Penn Warren it is not reality. Penn Warren wrote his 1946 novel, All the queens Men as a realistic and satiric play on the life of the real historical politician, Huey Long. Among his other achievements of being an author, poet, and scholar, Penn Warren set up also be considered something of a political philosopher. In forming one of his theories, he directly contradicts the bringing close togethers of philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau who believed that human nature was good and it was a corrupt association that made an evil person. In contrast, Penn Warren uses his writing to suggest that the only reason society is corrupt is that it was developed by an inherently evil mankind. The idea of a carnal man is illustrated in All the Kings Men through theories presented by Penn Warrens colorful cast of linguistic rule characters. Many characters throughout the book, the most prevalent being the cynical narrator, Jack Burden, allude to the massive struggle for power that ensues, as well as the infallible decay thereof among the political giants in All the Kings Men. While Jack gives the pretense of imperviousness, he is sensitive to the signals even as he excuses them. Doesnt it all boil down to this? If the government of this state for quite a long time had been doing anything for the folks in it, would Starkbe do so many short cuts to get something through to make up for the time lost all these years in not getting something done? (125). Jack recognizes that men are corruptible by power, but he justifies this because of the results corruption seems to produce. By the end, however, he comes to better realize that the results are not unfeignedly auspicious. Power can be used to strive toward worthy goals, and often those goals are achieved to much acclai m, but the end result seldom comes to a validating effect.Similar to Jacks conclusion, the main political figure in the story, Willie Stark, suggests that his corruption is irrelevant because it is justified by his accomplishments. Its dirt that makes the grass grow. A diamond aint a thing in the world but a piece of dirt that got awful hotIt all depends on what you do with the dirt (45).

Violence in Our Schools Essay -- School Violence Essays

strength in our SchoolsChildren today ar growing up in an increasingly violent atmosphere, both in society in general and in their schools. While there is no easy answer as to how to end this violence once and for all, we can look at whatsoever of the causes and take steps to contain that which we can. The main contributing factor in all recent school shootings has been the shooters tactual sensationings that they were bullied by and alienated from the rest of the children and were made to feel that they were not as good as their peers. Being targeted by the other children and having nowhere to turn to for help can cause a build up of more anger until, finally the alienated child is unable to take anymore. They struck out at their peers in what seems to them to be the most effective way, by eliminating them. Although several factors enter into school violence, the most obvious way of preventing violence is to eliminate these feelings of being outcast by ones peers. If we want to erect an end to school violence, we need to put an end to bullying behavior (Shore, 1996). Many instances of bullying behavior can be linked back to the clime in which a child was raised. Those who are raised in poverty or who have no good role models will frequently foregather due to the lack of examples of adults in productive roles. If the coolest guy in the neighborhood is a gang member, then his or her bullying behavior will be emulated by the children in the neighborhood, continuing the cycle of do by. This pattern usually leads to other negative traits such as becoming easily provoked and developing an unfitness to solve problems effectively. When these traits are continued in the school system, they are compounded by peer-pressure and the lack of faculty support. The bullies soon learn that they are free to abuse whomever they wish, and although faculty and staff help when they can, there are simply not enough resources necessary to catch and prevent bullies from target ing their peers (Bennett-Johnson, June 2004 p199). One way that children are targeted is found on how he or she is treated by teachers and faculty. According to Andrea J. Cook in Columbine Author Speaks Out, those who are unspoilt right or are smart, attractive, and good at sports, are treated well by teachers, because they appear to be everything a teacher wants in a student. Those who are not just right are treated po... ...ents in their academic accomplishments. Recognizing successes of students and teachers and celebrating the positives brings back school pride and willingness to make a difference (Shore, 1996). Reference Hernandez, Thomas J., Seem, Susan R. (April 2004), A gum elastic School Climate A Systemic Approach and the School Counselor, Vol. 7, Issue 4, P 256, Retrieved from EBSCOhost 2/11/05Shore, Rebecca Martin, (Jan. 1996), Curbing School Violence Through a Personal Approach. Greenhaven Press, Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Jan. 27, 2005Rabin owitz, Dorothy, (2002), Bullying is not a Valid Reason for School Shootings. School Shootings. Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Feb. 5, 2005Bennett-Johnson, Earnestine, (June 2004) The Root of School Violence Causes and Recommendation for a Plan of Action. Vol. 38 Issue 2, p 199, Retrieved from EBSCOhost, Jan. 30, 2005Cook, Andrea, (2004), Columbine Author Speaks Out. Reclaiming Children and Youth,Retrieved from ESBCOhost database. Feb. 5, 2005 Wright, Jeanne, (2000), The Chaotic Atmosphere of School. School Violence. Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Jan. 27, 2001.

A Thematic Unity for Heideggers Was Heisst Denken? :: Heidegger Was Heisst Denken Essays

A Thematic Unity for Heideggers Was Heisst Denken?ABSTRACT This essay is mainly an analysis of Heideggers Was Heisst Denken? I aim to provide a thematic unity for this enigmatic text, thereby rendering Heideggers thoughts on thinking more available to those analyze the nature of human rationality and thinking. The procedure is to gather together some of the sundry themes and puzzling features resolved by unpacking this sentence Most thought-provoking in our thought-provoking time is that we are still not thinking. The chief results of this study include the establishment of a global logic to the text, the identification of being-thoughtful as the proper phenomenon to be studied, and receptivity (listening for what calls for thinking) as the distinguishing mark of the thoughtful. Perhaps it is a sign of the times that precisely this work, of all my publications, is the least read. (1)This remark by Martin Heidegger about Was Heisst Denken? is puzzling devoted that in the same int erview he suggests that the most important issue facing us is the confrontation with what thinking is. If Heidegger is correct, then why does Was Heisst Denken? not lay among the most read of his works? Is it because we are unaware of the importance of encountering thinking? Because we believe already to understand thinking (e.g., thinking is having thoughts)? (2) Either of these proposed explanations, it should be noted, would not startle Heidegger he anticipated them in Was Heisst Denken? An explanation that he does not consider, however, is that Was Heisst Denken? is itself puzzling and stands in some need of critical clarification.In this essay I present an analysis of Heideggers Was Heisst Denken? The aim is to provide a thematic unity for this enigmatic text, and thereby to render Heideggers thoughts on thinking more available to those canvas the nature of human rationality and thinking. I proceed by enumerating some of the puzzling features of the text, and included among t hem are the ambiguity intentionally built into the German agnomen and the odd fact that Nietzsche and Parmenides take center stage in a series of lectures--which collected form the text--on thinking. The main thesis of my analysis is that one oddly promising way of showing how the twenty-one lectures hang together is by unpacking this sentenceMost thought-provoking in our thought-provoking time is that we are still not thinking. (3) This essay, then, is literally an analysis,

Urban Legend of The Boo Hag Essay -- Urban Legends

The Boo HagBackgroundUrban legends survive through time by having three elements a strong basic story-appeal, a foundation in actual belief, and a meaningful message or incorrupt (Brunvand 10). These characteristics are not only inherent in the content of the story, but also in the performance of the story to an audience. Like an actor on stage, storytellers generate the responsibility of keeping a story entertain, yet believable, through their gestures and attitude while telling the story. One particularly interesting legend involving magic and witchcraft, which was performed to me by an old friend from high school, is entitled The Boo Hag. The storyteller was an eighteen-year old male attending the University. Currently a sophomore, he was raised as a Catholic in Maryland. Upon visiting me a couple of weeks ago on a Saturday night, we relaxed over some calzones in my dorm as we began to watch telly and listen to music. Flipping through the channels, we came across the Sci- Fi network, sparking a sudden interest in both of us to talk about scary stories. We began to discuss the local urban legends, myths, and horror stories that we knew, and he began to tell a story that he heard from a friend down in South Carolina during his freshman year. It went like this. boloneySoThere was this man named Phil who lived in South Carolina. He was a nice, simple man who worked hard as a farmer. Though he was doing wholesome for himself, he felt lonely. You see, he had been divorced two times already, and he really wanted some companionship in his life. He decided to buy the farm into the town square. It was there that he saw one of the most beautiful women he had ever seen. Desperate to meet someone, he approach... ...rall appeal as an entertaining and engrossing story, and the morals that it conveys, all of which can be related to our society, that it has the potential to remain a folk tale in our culture for many age to come. Works CitedBrunva nd, Jan Harold. The Vanishing Hitchhiker American Urban Legends & Their Meanings. New York W. W. Norton, 1981.Dominey, Craig. The Boo-Hag Gullah. The Moonlit Road. 5 April 2008 http//www.themoonlitroad.com/archives/boohag/boohag_cbg002.html. Dominey, Craig. The Boo-Hag Origin. The Moonlit Road. 5 April 2008 http//www.themoonlitroad.com/archives/boohag/boohag_cbg001.html.McKissack, Patricia C and Onawumi Jean Moss. Precious and the Boo Hag. athenaeum/Anne Schwartz Books, 2005.Schlosser, S.E. Boo Hag. American Folklore. 5 April 2008 http//www.americanfolklore.net/folktales/tx7.html.

Enzymes in Brewing Industry :: essays papers

Enzymes in Brewing IndustryBioengineering Research Paper Enzymes are catalysts or proteins that are produced by a sprightliness cell, but in process are independent of the cell itself. There are two types of enzymes i.e 1) Cell Independent enzymes2) Non-enzymic enzymes Enzymes are long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. They exist in all living cells, usually controlling the metabolic process whereby nutrients are converted into energy. Enzymes are also catalyst, this have in mind that enzymes can speed up chemical processes that would normally move very slowly. Enzymes unfortunately dont last forever they have limited stability or lifespan when they have completed their intent in the chemical reaction. Science shows that enzymes work on raw material. Fruit, cereal, milk, beer or wood are nigh typical products for enzymatic conversion. Enzymes are specific, they usually break pass or synthesize one particular compound, and in some cases enz ymes limit their actions to specific bonds in the compound with in which they react. An example gluconases is one of the many enzymes used in beer brewing. This enzyme is used in industrial applications of brewing beer and is a very efficient catalyst. It breaks down the wheat and converts the carbohydrates into sugars that speed up the reaction in the aspect of the beers fermentation. Enzymes need certain types of conditions to operate, these conditions are usually mild in the areas of temperature and acidity. Many enzymes function around 30- 70C and their acidity are usually around neutral(ph 7). Enzymes are very important to industrial processes, enzymes they are energy frugality and also protect the lifespan of equipment used in processes and also having to buy special equipment resistant to heat, pressure or corrosion. Industrial enzymes can be produced in an ecological way, one of the main ways enzymes can be produced industrially is to culture enzymes in vats. Ma n has been exploiting enzymes in nature unknowingly for centuries. Also for thousands of years the beer brewing processes of many countries has relied heavily on barley malt. In this period of time barley was malted without brewers understanding what happen to the barley during the malting process. The idea dressing then was good beer couldnt be made without malted barley. The unknown

A Rebirth & story Essay

A thirteen year old boy named Brian Robeson is the central character in Gary Paulsens novel entitled Hatchet (Paulsen, 1999). Brian left Hampton, raw York to visit his father. He boarded a plane to the Canadian north woods. Unfortunately, the pilot suffered from a heart attack and died. The young boy was left with no woof however to take over the controls of the plane. Following a traumatic fall, the plane crashed into a lake in the Canadian woods and left the boy stranded. Brians perplex gave him a hatchet to use in the woods whenever he gets a chance to visit his father.Fastened to his belt at the event of the crash, the hatched served as his only possession that survived the accident. It was a constant element in the young boys adventure. His ultimate rescue was made possible when he got the excerption pack in the plane through the use of his hatchet. The survival pack contained a transmitter which allowed him to send a star signal to the rescuers. He suffered a unspeakable transition when his parents divorced. Brian is an exceptionally dynamic character. As a young boy accustomed to the solace of city living, he undervalues the conveniences of the life he lives. moreover when he was stranded in the woods, Brian emerged as an independent and mature man who gained a better understanding of the world. It took time for him to learn how to love and respect his environment. In the same way, moving on from his parents divorce took him some time. Initially, Brian was a picture of resentment, frustration, and helplessness. However, his adventures in the woods transformed him into a man he never knew he could become. He acquired lessons and adopted traits necessary for survival. A newfound appreciation for his environment and the sense of harmony in estimation and body molded his character.Brian developed into a man capable of surviving not just the woods but life in general. He learned the value of patience. The virtue allowed him to mature. If he was who h e utilize to be, setbacks would have already immobilized him. However, he was not his old self anymore. Thus, setbacks become manageable. The moment he came to a realization that feeling hopeless and disappointed will not do him any good, Brian learned to control his temper. It was through a process of trial-and-error which allowed him to succeed in building a cherish and in hunting for food. In the event of failure, he learned from his mistakes and never dwelt on them.When problems arise, he tried different approaches whenever possible until he succeeds. In the woods, he gained a well developed sense of observation. He used his senses not solely as a means for survival. His senses helped him grasp the beauty of his natural environment. The endless stimulation of urban life has dulled his senses. The comparative peacefulness of the woods made it possible for him to perceive sound anew. Through it, Brian was able to pick up on different of sounds since he has learned to hear them . In the beginning, the view of the woods and the lake seemed to be a blur. Eventually, he was able to see its beauty.His now perceptive sense proved to be an indispensable tool in order to survive. He acquired a new appreciation for nature and the independence that is essential when the comforts of city life are out of reach. He respects the animals who like him find shelter in the woods. He started to acknowledge the fact that he is but a living thing struggling to survive. This makes him no different to the flora and fauna around him. Prior to the plane crash, all the knowledge he has somewhat nature was provided primarily by the books he read, the things he was taught at school and the information relayed by the media.His adventure in the woods affirmed that indeed, experience is the best(p) teacher. When he arrived at the woods, Brian was a little overweight. He was used to eating hamburgers and the food his mother cooks for him. However, when he arrived in the woods, his foo d intake consisted of fish, rabbit, berries, and chicken-like birds he favored to call foolbirds (Paulsen, 1999). His new diet reduced the size of his stomach leaving him with lean muscles. He himself was surprised when he first saw how his physical shade has changed. Nevertheless, his physical appearance is not the sole and most profound change which took place in his person.Living in the woods has provided him a renewed lieu in life. He found harmony of mind and body when he gained a better understanding of nature. He recalled that his English teacher once told him that the mind has the power to dictate the how the body behaves. It had never been so true. No goal is beyond reach for someone who stays active and maintains a positive vista in life. For Brian, the body and mind connection is something he has never felt before. It signified a growing comfort with his natural environment. The aforementioned changes were a sign his emerging manhood.Brian used to define his own pers onal identity through his parents. In this regard, his parents divorce caused a significant impact on his person. It brought about utter chafe on the young boy. He came to believe that future will not be as stable as it used to be. The solace he used to find in his identity with his family had gone. He was unprepared to define himself as an adult. Much so, he does not know where to find his own sense of identity as an individual. The plane crash and his consequential stay in the woods are the events which compelled Brian to begin to accept and finally deal with his damaged sense of self.When he was confronted with the challenge of survival, he only had to pick one choice. Brian was forced to decide whether to learn to be tough and mature in the process or to unable to help die. He chose the former and accepted the challenge that fate has brought on his way. He succeeded and emerged from the experience as a man with a sense of responsibility. Brian then became a person ready to tak e on the pressures that come with growing up in a world devoid of comfort.ReferencePaulsen, G. (1999). Hatchet. Aladdin Paperbacks New York.

Examples of Discipleship Essay

I believe that Dietrich Bonhoeffer and messiahian Aid ar two prime examples of discipleship in this century, Bonhoeffer as an private and Christian Aid as an organisation.Bonhoeffer was a German preacher born in 1906 to a medical professor and his wife in Breslau, a minuscular town. From an early age he wanted to serve God, and so he studied theology at university and taught and preached in both Germany and America. He returned to his homeland in 1933 to protest against the newly elected Nazi party, and joined the new Confessing Church, having rejected his previous Protestant church for bowing to Hitlers demands. He worked in a secret training centre for new pastors, run by the confessing church, for four years, as the Gestapo closed it down in 1937. After that, and with the signs of the oppression soon to be felt by the German people becoming clearer, Bonhoeffer took a more active role in his campaigning against the Nazis, eventu eachy leading him to a kiosk in a prison and the hangmans noose in 1945.One of the primary(prenominal) tenants of Christian discipleship is Jesus teaching on the mountain pacifism and sack out for enemies. Bonhoeffer was an avid believer in these ideals, and wrote his still-relevant book, The Cost of Discipleship, based around those thoughts. He interpreted the maxim of If some atomic number 53 strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the separate too as a call for pacifism and working out disagreements by reasoning rather than force.But Bonhoeffer was forced to challenge his own morals when the intelligence agency of the violent anti-Semitism ignited by Hitler spread and several of his friends joined the German resistance. Most of those opposed to the Nazis saw that the only way to end the paltry caused by Hitler was to kill him. Public meetings were banned, and the press were heavily censored. The huge propaganda departments of the government would not allow any attempt by Bonhoeffer to spread his Christian teaching. So Bonh oeffer felt that he could be quiet, and wait until the war finished, and congratulate those that ended it, or he could play an active role in a piece to kill Hitler.Firstly he helped smuggle Jews out of Germany, but was caught and forced to give up any legitimate teaching. Forsaking any hope of arriver a peaceful end to the conflict, Bonhoeffer helped the bomb plot to assassinate Hitler. When it failed he was incarcerated, and he contemplated his deviance from Christian law.Bonhoffer had to make, on his own, one of the main questions that hangs over all belief systems Whether the moment dictates what a person should do, or if people should always keep constant what they believe in. In his case it was between fighting immoral and helping those in need or staying true to his pacifist roots. He chose to take a drastic step against some of Christs teachings to consume others, leading to his arrest and execution. This inevitable question still hangs over the church, and a viable answ er has yet to be suggested.Christian Aid is a humanity funded by numerous churches in the UK and Ireland. Although it is funded and staffed by Christians, Christian Aid will support any people in need, regardless of religion or race, and does not attempt to convert those it helps to Christianity. Although it combats poverty and need immediately and continually in global trouble areas, it also tries too stop poverty at its root, and was a large part of the Jubilee 2000 campaign to abolish third world debt. Christian aid has interpreted Jesus teaching on Discipleship and concentrated on the aid and help parts of his teaching. It would look to examples from his animatenessWhen the sun was setting, the people brought to Jesus all who had various kinds of sickness, and laying hands on each one, he healed them (Luke 440)This sort of passage, frequent in the gospels, shows that Jesus cared greatly for the needy, rejecting the idea that they somehow deserved their punishment, and was not afraid to get dirty and ritually unclean to help. In the same way, Christian Aid was set up by Christians who do not judge those they help, and will go to any lengths to re-enact Christs good work. They also follow the teaching laid down by Jesus in his parables, such as the parable of the Good SamaritanHe went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own Donkey, brought him to an Inn and took care of him. (Luke 1034)The idea of this parable, where one man steps in where others fear to tread, inspires Christian Aid a lot, as they are physically helping the needy of the world while other members of society just stand back and watch, sometimes nodding approvingly. They see this following of Jesus as being true to one of Jesus main teachings, Love your neighbour as yourself And seek to harmonise the lot of people around the world by abolishing suffering through war, poverty and disasters.As Christian Aids motto goes We believe in life before Death, Christian Aid is rejecting the traditional view of the churches preaching yet not acting, and are playing an active role in the reduction of suffering. They see Jesus message not just as an instruction to put up with life until you die, but also as a chance to help the needy, and prove before God their faith as Christians.

Apple Inc. and Mary Kay Cosmetics

P29 Q1 1. The marketing channel for Mary Kay cosmetics is called a direct selling channel. The company user a sales force of over 1000000 freelance Beauty Consultants around the world. These consultants are non employees of Mary Kay Corporation they buy cosmetics from the company at a wholesale price and sell to end-users at a retail price. They maintain personal relationships with their end-user consumers and deliver product to them after it is ordered it is a high-service purchasing relationship from the consumers point of view.Consultants thus act as both distributors and retailers. a. To what extent does an Independent Beauty Consultant participate in the eight universal marketing flows? b. How might these flows be shifted, either among the members now in the channel or to incompatible agencies or institutions not presently included? What do you think would be the implications of such shifts? (think about how cosmetics are sold finished department stores or through drugstore chains, for example. ) c. Within each of these distribution systems, specify the consumers role from a flow-absorption perspective.Contrast this with the consumers role when buy cosmetics from a department store or a drugstore chain. P64 Q1,2,3 2. For each of the three scenarios below, categorize the demand for bulk-breaking spatial convenience, waiting/ delivery time, and assortment/ descriptor as high, medium, or low. In each case, explain your answers. a. A woman in an emerging-market country of Southeast Asia wishes to buy some cosmetics for herself. She has never done so before and is not entirely sure of the occasions on which she will wear the cosmetics. She does not live near a big city.She is too abject to own a car but has a bit of extra money for a small luxury. b. A manufacturer uses a particular industrial chemical in one of its large-scale production processes and needs to buy more of the chemical. The rest of the raw materials for its plant operations are delivered in a just-in-time fashion. c. Before you visit certain parts of the world, you are required to get a yellow fever vaccine. Many travelers let this slip until the last minute, forgetting that it is best(predicate) (or avoiding an unpleasant shot as long as possible).But they definitely realize they need the shot, and they do not want to have to ignorecel their stir up at the last minute because they did not get it. They often find themselves making a long trip to a reginal medical center because trhey did not plan ahead. 3. For the three scenarios in Question 1, describe a marketing channel that would meet the target end-users demands for service outputs. 4. Describe three different buying situations with which you are familiar and the SODs of the buyers in each one. Do you think the SODs being supplied are close to those being demanded?Why or why not? P. 103 Q4 5. Explain how the shopping characteristics for the following consumer and industrial goods affect the channels for the m CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRIAL GOODS Bread Laser printer toner cartridges Breakfast cereal Uranium for nuclear world power plants Womens hosiery Cement Refrigerators Medical machinery(e. g. , ultrasound machines) P. 150 Q5 6. orchard apple tree, as a computer company, has struggles over the years with the assortment problem. Company-owned orchard apple tree stores offered only Apple computers.Although management liked having control of the assortment, customers wanted side-by-side comparisons with other brands, eventually driving Apple to close many of its own stores. Apple also has had difficulty influencing how mugwump computer outlets stock and display its products. Apple is now using the success of its music downloading systems (iPod and variations) to compose larger assortments-and is reopening company-owned stores. Is this a good idea? What, if anything, would you recommend to Apple as an alternative strategy to improve its products coverage and sales?P192(4) 7. A manufacturer is in the habit of offering liberal payment terms to distributors They can pay anytime within 45days of receipt of the trade. The manufacturer currently has a band line of credit to cover accounts receivable and pays an interest rate (prime+1%) on the balance on loan from the bank. One of the manufacturers key distributors offers to pay for shipments by immediate bank funds transfer upon receipt of merchandise if the manufacturer will reduce the price by 1%. Does this offer close a gap?If so, what sort (demand side, supply side, what flow)? P238 Q6 8. You are the owner/ animal trainer of an auto dealership in Germany selling the Audi line. Your dealership is exclusive to Audi you have invested heavily to build the dealership and your contract is such that, if you decide to sell your dealership, Audi has the overcompensate to approve or disapprove any buyer you might find. What is the balance of power in your relationship? What sort of working relationship are you probable to have w ith your supplier? What could your supplier do to ensure you do not become alienated?

Neolithic Revolution

The neolithic R exploitation is the single most important achievement in benignant score because it created civilization, developed agriculture, and new inventions were made to make life easier. Although some people may disagree with this statement, in that location is actual evidence that basis prove it to be correct. During the time when primordial humanitys hunted and gathered, they would constantly have to move to contrasting locations. This is because the animals that were hunted would die step up and there would be nonhing a great deal to gather this also ca utilize starvation.When the unmans started using agriculture, they would produce their own food and that increased the populations so bigger settlements started to form. Soon, there would be a whole civilization because there was a surplus amount of food that was grown. Also, the people that worked the farms came up with new and inventive inventions that would help them in their daily work some of these inventions atomic number 18 lull use like a shot. When agriculture was first used, some of the hunter gatherers had no choice to use it because food was scarce.However, when they did use it, they enjoyed it, causing hem to want to stay with the mode. deal started to build their own communities where cattle were raised and crops were grown. So much food was available that they did not have to worry about the starvation of the people. Since there werent a lot of rail mode lines that need to be completed ( manage hunt or gather) people lived a more peaceful life with agriculture to help supply their thirstiness needs. In my opinion, civilizations were created because agriculture brought people together and helped them live an easier life.Agriculture was so momentous that, I be stayve, human fiat wouldnt be where It Is nowadays. During the Neolithic times, archeozoic humans needed to do hard laboring for long hours. So they were always trying to find a way to make It easier from them t o do their Jobs. For example, In the Roots of the western Tradition reading, when prepping the solo for the crops, the people would need to do that with a tool using their own hands. Until they found out that large animals could help do the Job twice as fast.Also In the reading, humans discovered more ways to use the animals Instead of for food Like for clothes and for tools. These Inventions lead to more apprehension In the communities, Like social classes and more Jobs for different people. Even though our time has advanced, people, Like farmers, still use a version of the tools that were created In 8000 B. C. The Neolithic Revolution Is a big debate whether It helped the human race or harmed It. Even though there atomic number 18 cons to the revolution, I believe that the pros are stronger than the interdict affect that It left.The revolution lead to more excelled people and easier lives for e truly iodin, who knows where the world would be today If agriculture was not crea ted? Furthermore, I strongly believe that agriculture was one of the single most Important achievements In human recital and hat society today would not be the same without It. Neolithic Revolution By stairs wouldnt be where it is today. Hours. So they were always trying to find a way to make it easier from them to do their Jobs.For example, in the Roots of the Western Tradition reading, when prepping the crud for the crops, the people would need to do that with a tool using their own Also in the reading, humans discovered more ways to use the animals or else of for food like for clothes and for tools. These inventions lead to more intelligence in the communities, like social classes and more Jobs for other people. Even though our mime has advanced, people, like farmers, still use a version of the tools that were created in 8000 B. C.The Neolithic Revolution is a big debate whether it helped the human race or harmed it. Even though there are cons to the revolution, I believe that the pros are stronger than the negative affect that it left. The revolution lead to more civilized people and easier lives for everyone, who knows where the world would be today if agriculture was not created? Furthermore, I strongly believe that agriculture was one of the single most important achievements in human history and that society today would not be the same without it.Neolithic RevolutionWhile archaeologists are agreed on the implication of the Neolithic Revolution, it has not been so simple to ascertain exactly when food production began. In the first place, the classification of food production is dep annihilateent on our perceptive of domestication, an indefinite concept itself. Domestication toilet be distinct as the exploitation of plants and animals by humans in such(prenominal) a way as to cause some genetic, or morphological, assortment more broadly, it is seen as a range of relationships mingled with people, plants, and animals (Anne Birgitte Gebauer and T.D ouglas Price , eds. , 1992). On one end of the range are morphologically domesticated plants like wheat, barley, peas, lentils, and cutting vetch. In these plants, changes brought concerning by artificially induced selective processes can be renowned by pale botanists studying the remains of seeds. Some morphologically domesticated plants, together with maize, dates, banana, and breadfruit, have been so altered that they are forever tied to people, for they have lost their autonomous power of seed dispersal and germination.On the other end of the same range are plants that have been domesticated solely in terms of the growing space people offer for them. These plants, referred to as cultivated plants, are difficult if not viable to divers(prenominal)iate from wild plants, for their domestication is a matter of ecological kinda than morphological change. In the middle range of the continuum lie all extents of domestication and cultivation. consequently, determining whether or not a past culture has cultivated plants often involves a fair amount of detective work.For example, the front line of seeds at Nahal Oren in Israel (ca. 18,000 B. C. ) of exactly the same cereal plants later domesticated indicates that certain plants might have been selected and cultivated at a very early date (Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, 1996). Determining the degree of animal domestication also entails some inference and guesswork. As with plants, some animals (in the Near East, dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs) became hereditarily changed in time. But morphological changes did not take place for many generations, and in several instances they never took place at all. In these cases, paleozoologists should rely on other clues.The high percentage of gazelle cram in some early Neolithic sites, for illustrationthree times more than any other speciesprobably indicates their domestication or at the very least their selective exploitation. In recent times the red deer, e body politic, and musk-ox have, for all realistic purposes, been domesticated perhaps in the same mode that the gazelle was in the early Neolithic. As with plants, some animal species are more easily cultivated than others. Studies on the herding behavior of animals suggest that definite species may be predated for domestication (Charles Heiser, 1990).The evolution from extensive dependence on gazelle to the domestication of sheep and goats may have resulted from the fact that sheep and goats utilize a wider range of foods, are added dependent on water supplies, and are discontinue integrated into an inactive community. Because it is hard to determine the extent of domestication in past cultural systems, assigning agricultural status to a society is often a somewhat arbitrary decision that involves some ambiguity In short, there are extents of food production.Anthropologists and archaeologists can, though, agree on a works definition of food production. This definit ion posits dickens minimum requirements first, there should be a reasonably competent level of food procurement (food achieved through train production should amount to over half the communitys dietary needs for part of the year) and second, both plant and animal domesticates are no longer bound to their inborn habitat (that is, plants and animals can survive, with human assistance, in environments to which they are not obviously adapted).The Neolithic Revolution was the result of the development of settled agriculture around 6,000 BC, which facilitated human beings for the first time to make nature grow what they wanted instead of living on what she reluctantly provided. The food surplus thus garnered supported a larger population fivesome or more times as large as from hunting and gatheringand permitted a bitty minority of them to narrow in other kinds of work, as craftsmen (especially of the new, highly finished stone tools which gave the modern name to the period), artists , warriors, priests, and rulers, and to construct the first towns and cities.The city (civis) gave its name to civilization, which formed the culture, the arts and crafts, the temples and palaces, andit must be saidthe weapons and fortifications, that have characterized history ever since. Principally, it created history itself writing, invented for the purposes of management and ritual, had as by-product the preservation, more consistent than oral tradition, of a record of razets, and so entree to the past beyond human memory.The huge rise in the scale of organization stemming from this first revolt and the consequent growth in common wealth and power created the first kingdoms and empires, and enabled them to grow, mainly by conquest, to ecumenical size. Over the next several millennia political entities as large as Sumeria, Egypt, China, Persia, and Rome and, by an independent and later improvement, the Inca and Aztec empires in the Western hemisphere governed stretches of the earths surface larger than most contemporary nation states.It was a mega-revolution in human society. Though it brought wealth and power to the few, it had venomous as well as beneficial effects for the many. Subsequent to the casual, care-free, imprudent life of hunting and gathering in humanitys Eden, it symbolized for most a decline into heavy and continuous labor In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread. It also meant obedient part of the excess food to the organizers and defenders of the community to emend Marx, All history is the history of the struggle for income. The prevailing elite, whether slave owners, tribute takers, or feudal lords, proscribed the scarce resource, the land, and so were able to take out surplus value from the food producers and use it to live like lords and inflate their span of command. The struggle for choice and conquest made combat the normal state of relations between neighboring communities. But there were benefits, in the inner peace wh ich reigned for long periods indoors the borders, and the high culture, the arts of painting, sculpture, poetry, drama, music, and dance which could glee some of the people some of the time.Compared with pre-history, it was a life on a higher plane of subsistence. There were even professionals, officials, priests, doctors, and lawyers, however they were for the most part subservient to the rich and influential, servants rather than masters (accept perhaps in the very few theocracies known to history). They were yet key players in the process. They invented, or set on a more enduring basis than oral tradition, all the arts and sciences bureaucracy, organized religious conviction, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, law. especially, the priests and bureaucrats invented writing, and so made history itself possible.That is why history begins with the cities of the Neolithic Revolution and not before. One other service was given by the European clergy, which made medieval Euro pe different from other civilizations and tiled the way for a further round of worldwide social change. as of the separation of church and state and the resultant equality of the Gelasian two swords, political control was never combined in Europe. A space was left between Empire and Papacy through which independent thought, protest, and innovation could toady in and pr yield the built-in stasis of most empires and theocracies.The Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment, all found nutritious soil in which to grow, and independent thinkers, innovators and inventors could practice unregulated paths. Thus Europe, rather than some other area, became the origin of the next great social revolution. The earliest center of the Neolithic Revolution was southwestern Asia, more specifically the thousand miles between western Iran and Greece, including parts of what today are Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and the Anatolian plateau of Turkey (Wesley Cowan and Patty Jo Watson, eds. , 1992).From about 8900 B. C. , semi settled or semi permanent protoneolithic communities subsisted in northern Iraq, where the people de- pended in part on domesticated sheep for their survival. These settlements, with a typical population of 100 to 150, must not be seen as crossroadss or protocities, since they were not occupied year-round and did not house the diversity of occupations and classes we associate with an urban economy. One instance of such a settlement was Jericho, which housed a protoneolithic community by 7800 B C (Kathleen Kenyon, 1994). Between 7000 and 6000 B. C. , aceramic (i. e., before pottery) Neolithic sites were occupied in parts of Iraq and Iran several scholars see signs of this period as early as 8000 B. C (Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, 1994). Neolithic cultures with pottery existed at Catal Huyuk in Anatolia (Turkey) by 6800 B. C. and in Iran by 6500 B. C. By 5600 B. C. , Neolithic settlements with pottery subsisted i n Greek Macedonia. The Neolithic means of life had its beginnings in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains and on the Anatolian plateau, where water from natural sources was passable and crops could be grown without recourse to artificial irrigation.By about 5500 B. C. , however, these original settlements gave way to much better communities in the cuddleby alluvial plains on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Here, crops could be grown in adequate quantities only under irrigation, and the early stages of the Neolithic were replaced by the completely different urban way of life linked with ancient cities. By about 6000 B. C. , the first stage of the Neolithic Revolution was combined in southwestern Asia, where small villages had become the customary way to organize populations.The crops and animals that had been domestic here in the fertile crescent spread to become the basis for the great river civilizations of the Nile in Egypt and the Indus in southern Asia. The rev olution also spread into Mediterranean Europe with little difficulty because of the similarities in climate and soil between 6000 and 5000 B. C. , Greece and the southern Balkans shifted to an agrarian economy. By 4000 B. C. , agriculture was established in numerous areas around the Mediterranean. It took another millennium or two for Mediterranean crops and animals to widen successfully to northwestern Europe.The Neolithic method of life arrived in Britain, for example, no earlier than about 4700 B. C (Rodney Castleden, 1993). By that time, a different kind of Neolithic transformation had already begun to progress on the shores of the new bays and estuaries formed by the flooding that accompanied the end of the last ice age. As temperatures quickly rose to something approximating their present levels, the mile-thick ice melted and ocean levels rose radically. Over a span of 2,000 years, almost half of Western Europe was immersed.Britain and Ireland became islands, cut off from the mainland by the recently formed English bank line and Irish Sea. The rising waters created frequent bays and estuaries along the new coastline, and these new ecosystems established to be rich sources of marine life for human consumption. Lured by the elementary accessibility of new protein sources, colliery Age Europeans began to settle down in semi sedentary communities. Instead of staying continually on the move, they established base camps near the coast, from which they could endeavor forth to hunt large game when the fishing seasons were poor.A fairly similar change took place in newly created coastal areas of North America, including, for instance, on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. About three thousand years after agriculture began in Mesopotamia, that is, about 6000 B. C. , the Neolithic Revolution began independently in two other far-flung sites along the Yellow River in China and in the tropical highlands of Mesoamerica. In China, several kinds of millet were reclaimed b y 6000 B. C. , the first villages arose in the Yellow River area by 5500 B. C. , and rice was domesticated in the Yangtze area by 5000 B. C (Peter Rowley-Conwy, 1993).From China, the Neolithic culture spread to Korea, where it gradually became combined over four or five millennia from 6000 B. C. to about 2000 B. C. In Japan, a foraging culture known as Jomon, which had succeeded from about 10,000 B. C. , gradually gave way to a wet rice culture in the southwest abruptly before the beginning of the Christian era and in the northeast a millennium later. As the Neolithic revolution took place in the so-called nuclear areas in western and Southeast Asia about ten thousand years ago or earlier, and later, independently, in central America.Although the Neolithic rebellion refers to a complex of several significant innovations, the two key evolutionary events to change human history were the domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants. From the centers of these modernizations, k nowledge diffused out over the face of earth to most people (Robley Matthews, Douglas Anderson, Robert Chen, and Thompson Webb, 1990). While the cultivation of plants became established as the predominant way of life in the form of agriculture, an event typically accompanied by the domestication of animals, a diverse form of life emerged.The village became the unit of life. This is what sociologists and anthropologists believe being a major way of life in human history, in sharp contrast to modern, industrialized, urban, and complex society. Many names have been coined in order to refer to the customary, agricultural societies that alter most of our written history. By and large, sociologists and anthropologists concur as to the characteristics of agricultural society, and they use different names to explain the same thing.According to them, agricultural society is tradition-oriented its people are controlled by informal sanctions such as rumor social relationships are intimate and personal there is modest division of labor, social structure is wet with clear class differences and people are ethnocentric and suspicious of outsiders (Richard MacNeish, 1992). The culture of such society might be described as relatively homogeneous, because the village is more or less self-reliant and excludes outsiders.In exceptional cases, there might be a racial or ethnic minority within or near the village. But because of rigid social distinctions mostly in the form of class differences, contact with them is relatively limited and is more formal, essentially in confederation with trade and business transactions. Certainly, compared with the circumstances before the Neolithic revolution, cultural variation within society was likely to be greater and animal(prenominal) deviation as well, once there was the possibility for contact with other racial or ethnic groups.This meant, further, that the possibility for mental difference became greater, compared with people before th e Neolithic revolution. It is slick that the observation of cultural variation as seen in class and occupational differences in the village as well as that of physical disparity in the form of racial or ethnic differences might have created a greater range of psychological responses among members of a village. But there was also a built-in mechanism to offset this in agricultural society.The strong pressure for conformity by means of informal sanctions based on confronting each other contact made psychological variation very difficult. Also, the firm structure of agricultural society kept the appearance of the feeling of relative deprivation, for example, to a minimum. spell no possibility for achievement or change was visible, people were not likely to feel deprived, even when they saw the system as excessive. Thus, despite the seeming for greater variations in physical, psychological, and cultural dimensions, life in agricultural society was comparatively homogeneous.The econom y of shaver life is not productive, because land is typically limited, and, furthermore, land becomes increasingly limited as the population expands and the soil deteriorates. In interpersonal relationships, a tyke presumes that friendship, love, and affection are limited. As a result, a peasant must avoid showing excessive favor or friendship. Sibling rivalry is caused as even maternal love is limited. A husband is jealous of his son and angry with his wife for the similar reason. Health, too, is limited in extent.Blood is nonregenerative. Blood may be equated with semen, and the exercise of masculine vivacity are seen as a for good debilitating act. Sexual moderation and the evasion of bloodletting are important. Even a womans long hair may become a source of fear because she may lose her vigor and strength by having long hair. Honor and manliness, too, exist in inadequate quantities. Real or imagined insults to personal honor should be vigorously counterattacked because honor is limited, and a peasant cannot afford to lose it.While good things in the environment are assumed to be limited, and when personal gain can only take place at the expense of others, the maintenance of the status quo is the most sensible way to live, because to make economic development or to acquire a disproportionate amount of good things is a threat to the stability of the community. Stability is sustained by an agreed-upon, socially acceptable, preferred norm of behavior, and sanctions and rewards are used to make certain that real behavior approximates the norm.As a consequence, there is a strong desire to look and act like everyone else and to be subtle in position and behavior. For the same reason, a peasant is reluctant to accept leadership roles. The ideal peasant strives for restraint and equality in his or her behavior. If a peasant should behave excessively, then gossip, slander, viciousness, character assassination, witchcraft or the threat of it, and even actual phys ical hostility is used by the rest of society against such a person.It is hard to say to what extent this generalization pertains to people after the Neolithic revolution and before the industrial revolution. In numerous agricultural societies, physical and cultural variations were likely to be significantly greater than in hunter-gatherer societies. Yet if people were infatuated with the belief of limited good and thought and behaved like everyone else, their psychological deviations might not have been much greater than those amongst hunter-gatherers. Work Cited Anne Birgitte Gebauer and T.Douglas Price, eds. , Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory, Monographs in World Archeology No. 4 ( Madison, Wisconsin Prehistory Press, 1992). Charles Heiser, ejaculate to Civilization The Story of regimen ( Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1990). Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, second edition ( Oxford Clarendon Press, 1994), Chap ter 11, esp. pp. 238-239. Kathleen Kenyon, Ancient Jericho, in Ancient Cities Scientific American Special Issue ( 1994), pp. 20-23. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Francesco Cavalli-Sforza, The Great Human Diaspora The History of Diversity and Evolution, trans. by Sarah Thorne ( Reading, Massachusetts Addison-Wesley, 1995). Peter Rowley-Conwy, Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers in Europe, in Goran Burenhult, ed. , People of the Stone Age Hunter-Gatherers and Early Farmers ( New York HarperCollins, 1993), pp. 59-75. Richard MacNeish, The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life ( Norman, Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Press, 1992).Chapter 1. p. 5. Robley Matthews, Douglas Anderson, Robert Chen, and Thompson Webb, Global Climate and the Origins of Agriculture, in Lucile Newman et al. , eds. , Hunger in History Food Shortage, Poverty, and Deprivation ( Oxford Blackwell, 1990), Chapter 2. Rodney Castleden, The Making of Stonehenge ( London and New York Routledge, 1993), p. 29. W esley Cowan and Patty Jo Watson, eds. , The Origins of Agriculture An International Perspective ( Washington, D. C. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992)

Lathes

* A lathe (pronounced /le/) is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform mingled operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, ordeformation with tools that ar applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation. * Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, and glassworking. Lathes ordure be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potters wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to ca-ca most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices.Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The sensible can be held in drift by either one or two centers, at least one of which can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying fabric lengths. Other workholding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dogs. separateA lathe m ay or may not have a stand (or legs), which sits on the floor and elevates the lathe bed to a working height. Some lathes are small and sit on aworkbench or table, and do not have a stand. Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal institutionalize (although some CNC lathes have a vertical beam for a bed to ensure that swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed).A notable exception is the Hegner VB36 defeat Bowlturner, a woodturning lathe designed for turning large bowls, which in its basic configuration is little more than a very large floor-standing headstock. At one hold back of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the spindle.Spindles are often hollow, and have out-of-door threads and/or an interior Morse taper on the inboard (i.e., facing to the right / towards t he bed) by which workholding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have exterior threads and/or an interior taper at their outboard (i.e., facing away from the bed) end, and/or may have a handwheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles are powered, and impart motion to the workpiece. The spindle is driven, either by foot power from a foot lever and flywheel or by a belt or gear drive to a power source.In most modern lathes this power source is an inviolate electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand. In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to metamorphose the motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley block or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, confusable in net effect to the two-speed rear of a tr uck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift auto transmission. Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed, by undoing a locking nut, sliding it to the required area, and then relocking it. The tailstock contains a barrel which does not rotate, but can slide in and out parallel to the axis of the bed, and directly in line with the headstock spindle. The barrel is hollow, and usually contains a taper to hurry the gripping of various type of tooling.Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel centre, which is used to support long thin shafts bandage turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many other uses are possible.3 Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a mollycoddle-slide, whic h is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed, and can be cranked at right angles to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a compound rest, which provides 2 additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a toolpost, which holds a cutting tool which removes material from the workpiece.There may or may not be a leadscrew, which moves the cross-slide along the bed. Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but instead have banjos, which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position of a banjo can be adjusted by hand no gear mechanism is involved. Ascending vertically from the banjo is a toolpost, at the top of which is a horizontal toolrest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool rest and levered into the workpiece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends vertically from the tool rest, and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may be levered into the workpiece.

Why Prohibition Failed to Control American Alcohol Consumption

A single sketchy light flickers in a dark room. The smell of pure, hard pot liquor (most likely moonshine), permeates the air. Screams, laughter, shattering glass, and the freshly-made whiskey are shared by all in the dingy lairuntil a stern knock cuts through the noise, silencing and destroying the night. It was this scenario and countless others like it that defined American parapet, as well as kn own as The Noble Experiment, a ban on any intoxicating beverage from 1920 to 1933.Reasons Prohibition was enacted was to correct corruption and reduce prison numbers, solve social unrest, lower taxes, and improve hygiene and health of the people. However, Prohibition ultimately failed in its attempt to control the behavior and vices of its citizens. One particular young that arose from Prohibition was that it fostered corruption poor, young immigrants gradually morphed into mobs and general crime became organized. Extensive crime syndicates solidified and what is now colloquially kn own as the Mafia formed.The in the public eye(predicate) had nowhere else to turn but these bootleg distilleries (dubbed speakeasies), because the method of getting in was a passwordand by the end of Prohibition, over one million gallons of liquor had been bootlegged and brought into the joined States alone. Not scarce had organized crime change magnitude, but most crimes in general did, too. In addition to distilling alcohol il levelheadedly, police budgets in the stopover of Prohibition had increased by 11. 4 million dollars (adjusted for todays inflation, more than 140. 5 million dollars). Total federal expenditures on penal institutions increased by a whopping 1000%.Homicides, civil unrest, the prison population, and Prohibition violations had actually increased during Prohibition. The demand for alcohol and the elimination of the publics heavy supply ultimately played a large part in the spike in crime during this era. Besides the fact that crime multiplied uncontrollably, Prohibition was also practically unenforceable. Interestingly enough, the act of drinking in itself was not banned, rather, only sale and distribution. Bootleggers outnumbered police officers and enforcement became laughably lax in some areas of the United States.The 21 Club, a popular speakeasy in New York City, had been raided many times by police, but the owners were never caught. Many American immigrants viewed liquor not as a vice but as an integral cultural component. Smuggling and bootlegging were in full swing, and by 1927 the number of speakeasies was twice the number of legal bars pre-Prohibition. The Volstead Act itself (the enabling legislation for Prohibition) allowed the sale and production of fuddle at home and for religious purposes, allowing for vineyards to sell grapes and concentrate for people to make their own wine at home.The contents of the law was full of loopholes that were often exploited, such as whiskey prescription for medical reasons. The Prohibition saw a nappy increase in prescriptions written for patients that called for alcohol. Prohibition had also decimated the alcohol-production industry, particularly that of winemaking. As mentioned previously, winemakers had to find loopholes and crafty ways to bypass the law. Many went out of business collectable to the fact that any alcohol over 0. 5% was banned, and most wines had about a 13% alcohol content.Wine for sacramental purposes was allowed, and people who acted as imposters of church figures obtained wine through this alternative route. Lack of support was widespread and only increased as Prohibition went on. The increase of chaos, loss of businesses, and most of all crime only caused any original support for the law to dwindle. Finally, at 332 p. m. on December 5, 1933, the 21st Amendment was ratified, effectively nullifying the 18th Amendment and repealing Prohibition.As the Roaring Twenties came to a close, the United States of America saw that the tax revenue generate d by legal sale of alcohol would help take the edge off of the financial perfume that came with the Great Depression. In conclusion, Prohibition in the United States is generally known as an unsuccessful experiment in enforcing morality in legislation. Illegal distilleries and speakeasies (establishments for lawlessly purchasing alcohol) broke out and encouraged the spread of crime. The Mafia was established as poor immigrants who found an easy way to make a great deal of money by selling alcohol to those in desperate want of it.Countless loopholes were exploited and enforcement of the laws, over time, decreased steeply. Despite the conviction by telling that going dry would help the United States cut down on alcoholism and crime, Prohibition ended up doing the exact opposite. Overall, lack of support, increase in crime, unenforceability, and necessity of alcohol in society during the 1920s caused the ultimate downfall and failure of the American Prohibition.CITATIONS (sorry that this version does not have them inline) http//www. cato. rg/publications/policy-analysis/alcohol-prohibition-was-failure http//www. albany. edu/wm731882/organized_crime1_final. html http//www. westegg. com/inflation/infl. cgi http//www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=441 http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1655505/pdf/calwestmed00210-0040b. pdf http//library. thinkquest. org/04oct/00492/Why_It_Did_Not_Work. htm http//www. netplaces. com/wine-guide/a-brief-history-of-wine/prohibition-wipes-out-an-industry. htm http//history. howstuffworks. com/american-history/prohibition. htm

History of South Africa’s Apartied Essay

South Africa is a vote out of abundant ingrained resources with a mild climate, and lush fertile land. With natural resources like diamonds, gold, and platinum, its no wonder that the Dutch East India Comp some(prenominal) set up settlements on the Cape of Good Hope. These settlements establish a merchandise port between South Africa and other countries. The 17th and 18th centuries, saw settlements popping up all over Africa. Settlers from France, England, Portugal, Belgium and Spain came, forcing the Africans from their lands and turning them into a labor force.By the 20th century the British had taken over most of the settlements in the northeast, east, west, and the center of South Africa and the French controlled most of the northwest. The Republic of South Africa has had a really turbulent 20th century. Although apartied officially started in 1948, South Africas history for racial domination began much earlier. The Land Act was put into place in 1913, restricting Black Afri can citizens from buying land away special areas or reserves. This act also allowed for glum sharecroppers, living on white land, to be relocated to these reserves.Although the Act was not enforced often, it set the stage for the Black Homelands, which would come into play later. The National Party, a white pro-segregation party, was voted into power afterwards WWII. They began preparing racial legislation, and in 1949, the Mixed Marriage Act became law, prohibiting whites and blacks from marrying. In 1950, the Immorality Act made it a crime for whites to have sexual relations with every other race. The Population Registration Act required all people living in South Africa to register their race.A child born from any union would immediately be registered with their race/ethnicity. Many other acts were introduced in the coming years. All were passed to seriously limit any economic, political, or educational opportunities for the black South Africans. These Apartied Acts actually r esulted in the promotion of the Black Self-Government Act in 1958, and the Black Homeland Citizenship Act in 1971. The Self-Government Act established ten areas in South Africa called Homelands. These Homelands were divided based on the tribe formally living there.All tribe members were expected to return to this land, where they would live and be governed by their own self-government. With the 1971 Citizenship Act, tribes were no longer citizens of South Africa. Instead they would be citizens of their Homelands. RESISTANCE TO APARTIED One of the first political organizations that opposed apartied was Lumumba Yama Africa they believed that African unity was the unaccompanied way to fight the white government . This party started in the 19th century, encouraging many other parties to join them in this goal.The apartied was also influenced by outside powers, such as Gandhi. These organizations instituted revolts beginning in 1960, leaving 69 dead and 190 injured. Apartied did not rec eive international awareness when the laws were created in 1948. With the rise of the urbane Rights movement in the United States, and the troubles in Asia and the rest of the African continent, awareness was lastly brought to light to the rest of the reality. In November 1977, the United Nations also became involved, by sumptuous arms embargos December 1977saw other sanctions.Many countries brought more awareness by not allowing South African Airway to land in their country. The South African government, because they were experiencing great economic growth, chose to show indifference to any criticisms from other organizations or countries. Because the white South Africans were prospering economically, sanctions continued to be ignored. ITS OVER Apartied finally came to an end in 1990. By 1991, all apartied laws were repealed. The sanctions by other countries and organizations were also repealed.Since then, the government has been working hard to improve economic growth by creati ng jobs and combine the workforce. Even though racism still exists in South Africa cooperation between races has improved significally. REFERENCES Apartied Timeline. (n. d. ). Apartied Timeline. Retrieved from http//cyberschoolbus. un. org/discrim/race_b_at_print. asp Apartied in South Africa. (n. d. ) In Wikipedia (Rep. ). (n. d. ). Retrieved from www-cs-studentsstanford. edu/cale/cs201/apartied. hist. html White, G. W. , amp Bradshaw, M. J. (2011). Essentials of world regional geography (2nd ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill.

How does Hardy use language and poetic form to convey meaning and ideas in ‘Wagtail and Baby’?

The poem Wagtail and baby is a commentary of the observations from the perspective of an infant by the side of a ford. The focus of the baby is the wagtail and it watches as versatile animals approach it. What ca economic consumptions the baby confusion is the animals get under ones skin the tinkers damn no stress, but when a macrocosm approaches the skirt flys swiftly away in scare before he horizontal gets close. Thomas inflexible has do this to show how the shucks is at public security with nature and other animals and hu serviceman involvement disturbs the ordinary consistency of nature.This refers to portlys views on industrialisation at the time and how the greed of men was affecting and destroying the congenital world. This creates an air of irony as piece punctuate improving their lives they deprive wildlife of theirs. The poem is arranged in quatrains with alternating rhyming couplets (ABAB). This creates a callow quality to the poem like a nursery poesy wh ich compliments how it is written through the look of an infant. This bounds how everything is new to the baby and it watches and learns from everything around it.The four quatrains each signalize a new animal that comes closely the wagtail. The way each is different and they come whizz later on another shows how it is happening in that moment. The linguistic process he uses helps to portray his ideas in the poem. Again Hardy adds to the elementary theme by referring to the wagtail as a dollie in the second stanza, this is the sort of thing a child would say on eyesight a maam. His style is detailed and the use of poetic devices such as alliteration creates vivid imagination.Alliteration such as blaring bull, a stallion spattered and as he describes the mongrel as slowly slinking portray a certain try which the reviewer then picture in their minds. The movement of the maam is also described in detail the use of verbs twitch and toss, clip and imbibe exhibit sharp, q uick movements as if the bird is slightly on edge until realising it is only a crevice animal nearby. These little controlled movements of the bird contrast the larger boorish movement of theanimals, this highlights the fact the bird isnt fazed by their size even though he is much smaller.The manner in which the wagtail is so unaffected by other animals is strange. The Blaring bull is a great powerful animal and is associated with onslaught and yet the tiny wagtail does not see the bull as a threat. When the stallion splashing causes the bird nearly sinking in the water it manages to hold its stimulate unblinking doesnt even flicker an eyelid though something so big is near scorn the obvious disruption and the fact it could well hurt the fragile bird.Even the mongrel slowly slinking has no found on the bird, though slinking can be associated with hunting and a stalking prey which should alarm the bird as it is vulnerable. People would be scargond of a bull so the baby sits a nd wonders why the bird isnt, and how it doesnt feel threatened by the large creatures around it. These all show how the wildlife are at peace with each other. That is what makes the last stanza so profound that the blameless gentleman is the one to make the bird disappear.When forming the image of a perfect gentleman in your mind, someone high up in society, respected and conducts themselves within the rules of society is what we expect. It seems droll that the bird would be afraid of a man when he causes no disruption to it and isnt even close. Its as though the man is not deduct of their world so the bird is unacquainted with(predicate) with his presence or has seen other men before painful sensation nature. Even though the man is the scoop in human society he still scares the bird like a predator would, Hardy has done this to show even the best of us are seen as evil by nature.Something else that adds to the infract of this is that the baby has been sat watching and the b ird was not afraid. Hardy has done this to show the baby is devoid and naive and has not yet ariseed into the greedy hellion that is man. The baby causes no threat and because of its innocence is accepted by nature. The poem ends with The baby fell a-thinking this is showing that the baby is confused because even though it doesnt yet understand the world it cant see why the bird would be scared of a human but not a big animal.The baby has only know the man caring for it so has not seen the side of man that the wagtail has. Thomas Hardy uses poetic devices to stimulate his ideas within this poem. He uses irony to show how humans try to improve their lives with industry and in turn destroy the habitats of wildlife. Hardy uses detailed descriptions to create vivid imagery and contrast the difference between man and animal again showing irony as the one that made the least disruption scare the bird away. He uses alliteration for emphasis and his structure to reflect the state of mind of the baby screening the scene.How does Hardy use language and poetic form to begin meaning and ideas in Wagtail and Baby?The poem Wagtail and baby is a commentary of the observations from the perspective of an infant by the side of a ford. The focus of the baby is the wagtail and it watches as various animals approach it. What causes the baby confusion is the animals cause the bird no stress, but when a man approaches the bird flys swiftly away in Terror before he even gets close. Thomas Hardy has done this to show how the bird is at peace with nature and other animals and human involvement disturbs the ordinary harmony of nature.This refers to Hardys views on industrialisation at the time and how the greed of men was affecting and destroying the natural world. This creates an air of irony as humans try improving their lives they deprive wildlife of theirs. The poem is arranged in quatrains with alternating rhyming couplets (ABAB). This creates a childlike quality to the po em like a nursery rhyme which compliments how it is written through the eyes of an infant. This reflects how everything is new to the baby and it watches and learns from everything around it.The four quatrains each describe a new animal that comes near the wagtail. The way each is different and they come one after another shows how it is happening in that moment. The language he uses helps to portray his ideas in the poem. Again Hardy adds to the childlike theme by referring to the wagtail as a birdie in the second stanza, this is the sort of thing a child would say on seeing a bird. His style is detailed and the use of poetic devices such as alliteration creates vivid imagery.Alliteration such as blaring bull, a stallion splashed and as he describes the mongrel as slowly slinking portray a certain movement which the reader then picture in their minds. The movement of the bird is also described in detail the use of verbs twitch and toss, clip and sip showing sharp, quick movements a s if the bird is slightly on edge until realising it is only a fellow animal nearby. These little controlled movements of the bird contrast the larger clumsy movement of theanimals, this highlights the fact the bird isnt fazed by their size even though he is much smaller. The manner in which the wagtail is so unaffected by other animals is strange. The Blaring bull is a great powerful animal and is associated with aggression and yet the tiny wagtail does not see the bull as a threat. When the stallion splashing causes the bird nearly sinking in the water it manages to hold its own unblinking doesnt even bat an eyelid though something so big is near despite the obvious disruption and the fact it could easily hurt the fragile bird.Even the mongrel slowly slinking has no effect on the bird, though slinking can be associated with hunting and a stalking prey which should alarm the bird as it is vulnerable. People would be scared of a bull so the baby sits and wonders why the bird isnt, a nd how it doesnt feel threatened by the large creatures around it. These all show how the wildlife are at peace with each other. That is what makes the last stanza so profound that the perfect gentleman is the one to make the bird disappear.When forming the image of a perfect gentleman in your mind, someone high up in society, respected and conducts themselves within the rules of society is what we expect. It seems odd that the bird would be afraid of a man when he causes no disruption to it and isnt even close. Its as though the man is not part of their world so the bird is unfamiliar with his presence or has seen other men before hurting nature. Even though the man is the best in human society he still scares the bird like a predator would, Hardy has done this to show even the best of us are seen as evil by nature.Something else that adds to the shock of this is that the baby has been sat watching and the bird was not afraid. Hardy has done this to show the baby is innocent and na ive and has not yet turned into the greedy monster that is man. The baby causes no threat and because of its innocence is accepted by nature. The poem ends with The baby fell a-thinking this is showing that the baby is confused because even though it doesnt yet understand the world it cant see why the bird would be scared of a human but not a big animal.The baby has only known the man caring for it so has not seen the side of man that the wagtail has. Thomas Hardy uses poetic devices to convey his ideas within this poem. He uses irony to show how humans try to improve their lives with industry and in turn destroy the habitats of wildlife. Hardy uses detailed descriptions to create vivid imagery and contrast the difference between man and animal again showing irony as the one that made the least disruption frightened the bird away. He uses alliteration for emphasis and his structure to reflect the state of mind of the baby viewing the scene.

Kinetic sculptures; phenakistiscope

Artwork creations consisting of continuous moving parts or sounds argon examples of kinetic sculptures. Windmills, wheels, mobiles, lava lamps and water wholly may be considered kinetic sculptures. Paintings giving illusions of continuing into the unknown, such(prenominal) as towers leading and combining into an new(prenominal) item of the painting use kinetic elements. Sculptures containing motion are most commonly referred to as kinetic art. Artists use many scientific elements creating kinetic sculptures. Persistence of muckle is a common element used in kinetic sculpturing.Persistence of vision means the human wit fills the blanks between sequential images seen in rapid succession creating an illusion of continuous motion (Barsamian, July 3, 2006). Film, television and scour stage acting adopt persistence of vision techniques making their productions come alive. Often art museums guess on outside affects such as lighting, strobe lights, external lighting, wall coloring and even other artwork to accent the kinetic sculptures. Through the use or rotating mechanical armatures and synchronized strobe lights, ternary dimensional objects move horizontally and vertically and change their shapes in real time.The inspiration for this strange and fantastic world are animation techniques that predate the film such as the zoetrope, flip book and phenakistiscope, all of which are based on the persistence of vision, in other words, after image (Barsamian, 2006). Moving kinetic sculptures originate with very simple lines, shapes, rectangles, and circles everyone learned before pre-K. Phenakistiscope is a spinning disk reflecting images. The wheel perpetually spins as the viewer looks into slits of continuous moving reflections. The symbology of images is left up to what the viewer interprets, incorporating the persistence of vision concept.

Cracker Barrel Restaurants Case Study Essay

1. Discuss the factors that make it more difficult to confirm work place variation based on familiar predilection than discrimination based on race?Although federal laws protect people from workplace discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, religion, sex, age, and disability, on that point is no federal law that specifically outlaws workplace discrimination on the basis of sexual taste in the private sector. (Federal government workers are protected from such(prenominal) discrimination.). an employee can file a infirmity regarding discrimination based on race and be heard while an employee that files a complaint regarding discrimination based of sexual orientation will non be heard unless the company that they work for has an inner policy regarding sexual orientation.2. Do chain restaurant operations, which prize uniformity and thus reliability in store design, products, and run procedures, require uniformity of personnel policies? Were the regional variations that Dan Evins proposed on February 27, 1991, a viable collective strategy? Why or why not.The need of personnel policies arises basically from overall objectives of the organization a corporate thinking is required which will guide decision making at all operating level. The spontaneous cooperation of employees can be achieved with a just and fair treatment to all. Personnel policies nominate the basis for uniformity and consistency.I do not believe they were a viable corporate strategy, as it started a chain reaction to incriminatory fire LGBT employees for no valid reason then that they were not heterosexual. Protests erupted at restaurants in dozens of cities and towns boycotts were organized and shareholders complained. even though nothing was accomplished until 2002 when New York and its consort fought until 58 percent of the shareholders persuaded Cracker Barrels board to vote unanimously to explicitly proscribe anti-gay discrimination in its equal employment policy.3. H ow does the Cracker Barrel case support or contend the nation that federal legislation is warranted to stop employment discrimination based on sexual orientation?Although there are not federal laws to prevent discrimination based onsexual orientation, protections does equal for workers on the basis of religion, gender, national origin, age, disability, and race. Still, as the NAACP and other lawsuits against Cracker Barrel demonstrate, federal legislation does not ensure corporate compliance. Aggrieved parties and their supporters often must invest years of their lives in protest and litigation exclusively to achieve the equal treatment ostensibly guaranteed in the American marketplace. Even after the terns race and sexual orientation have been added to the policy statements, broader cultural transformations will be required before these added burdens are outback(a) from the shoulders of workers already greatly disadvantaged in our society.4. Why are particular retail products, for example, inanimate objects such as mammy dolls, perceived to be racist?To be honest I do not like the mammy dolls, I just found out that the mammie dolls are racial motivated toward African Americans of the past. The development of the dolls came from cartoons of black people in 1600, 1700, and 1800s. The cartoons made remarks about African American women that were slaves who in close instances were house slaves who took care of slave owners children. These cartoons developed more negative images during this time. The development of the cloth dolls and ceramic dolls became everyday due to these cartoons. The mammie dolls are resurfacing now by Caucasians and miss-educated African Americans as heritage dolls.They are apart of African American heritage however a negative image. They have increased sales after the resource of Barack Obama by Caucasians by right wing conservatives.5. Which areas of corporate activity should be open to broader scrutiny through shareholder resoluti ons? How much stake in the company should a shareholder have in magnitude to ease up a resolution?The desire to promote the core values of the shareholder, and or to address the bank line risks and opportunities of global climate change, $2,000 or 1% and must be on the inside, must own for at least 1 year.6. If a controversial corporate policy is reversed only after a decade of defiance, how should the companys worldly concern dealing officers present the change to the media?Public relations professionals present the face of an organization or several(prenominal), usually to articulate its objectives and official views on issues of relevance, primarily to the media. Public relations contributes to the way an organization is perceived by influencing the media and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. Specific public relations disciplines includeFinancial public relations talk financial results and business strategy Consumer/lifestyle public relations gaining publicit y for a particular product or service Crisis communication responding in a crisisInternal communications communicating within the company itself Government relations engaging government departments to influence public policy Food-centric relations communicating specific information centered on foods, beverages and wine.Building and managing relationships with those who influence an organization or individuals audiences has a central role in doing public relations. After a public relations practitioner has been working in the field, they accumulate a list of relationships that become an asset, especially for those in media relations. indoors each discipline, typical activities include publicity events, speaking opportunities, press releases, newsletters, blogs, social media, press kits and outbound communication to members of the press. Video and audio news releases are often produced and distributed to TV outlets in hopes they will be use as regular program content.

A Resource-Based View of International Human Resources: Toward a Framework of Integrative and Creative Capabilities

Center for Advanced gaye vision Studies (CAHRS) CAHRS bunking Paper Series Cornell University ILR School Year 2005 A Resource-Based View Of world-wide world Resources Toward A mannikin of Integrative and germinal Capabilities Shad S. Morris Cornell University Scott A. Snell Cornell University Patrick M. Wright Cornell University This paper is posted at emailprotected http//digital commons. ilr. cornell. edu/cahrswp/284 CAHRS at Cornell University 187 Ives Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-3901 USA Tel. 607 255-9358 www. ilr. cornell. edu/CAHRS WORKING modernisticsprint SERIESA Resource-Based View of International gracious beingskind Resources Toward a simulationing of Integrative and Creative Capabilities Shad S. Morris Scott A. Snell Patrick M. Wright working(a) Paper 05 16 International kind Resources CAHRS WP05-16 A Resource-Based View Of International homosexual Resources Toward A Framework of Integrative and Creative Capabilities Shad S. Morris Cornell University School o f Industrial and outwear Relations 393 Ives Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-7622 emailprotected edu Scott A. Snell Cornell University Center for Advanced compassionate race Resource Studies (CAHRS) 393 Ives Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-4112 scott. emailprotected edu Patrick M. Wright Cornell University Center for Advanced forgiving Resource Studies (CAHRS) 393 Ives Hall Ithaca, NY 14853 (607) 255-3429 emailprotected edu http//www. ilr. cornell. edu/cahrs This paper has non underg ane buckram review or approval of the faculty of the ILR School. It is in hightail ited to make results of Center research available to differents interested in preliminary form to dress along discussion and suggestions. Most (if not all) of the CAHRS Working Papers atomic number 18 available for reading at the Catherwood Library.For information on whats available link to the Cornell Library compile http//catalog. library. cornell. edu if you wish. rogue 2 International Human Resources Abst ract CAHRS WP05-16 Drawing on organisational learning and MNC perspectives, we make up the imaging base view to address how multinationalistic human vision management leads sustainable hawkish advantage. We phrase a fashion model that emphasizes and extends traditional assumptions of the imaging-based view by identifying the learning capabilities necessary for a complex and changing orbiculate environs.These capabilities address how MNCs world power both grow new HR invests in response to local anesthetic environments and combine existing HR practices from other parts of the buckram ( agrees, regional headquarters, and spheric headquarters). In an effort to hear the nature of such(prenominal) capabilities, we discuss aspects of human upper-case letter, tender nifty, and organisational pileus that competency be conjugated to their break awayment. scallywag 3 International Human Resources Introduction CAHRS WP05-16 Few will press against the importanc e of supranational human resource management (IHRM) in todays multinational corporation (MNC).A replete(p) range of issuesthat varies from global sourcing and off-shoring to regional trade agreements and promote standards to strategic alliances and innovationall point to the vital nature of IHRM in todays global economy. In fact, some observers choose suggested that how steadfasts manage their work forces is among the pissedest predictors of successful versus unsuccessful MNCs (cf. , Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989 Doz & Prahalad, 1986 Hedlund, 1986). Researchers subscribe adopted a number of unalike theoretical approaches for perusing IHRM.Not surprisingly, the resource-based view (RBV) of the whole has emerged as perhaps the predominant perspective (Wright, Dunford, and Snell, 2002). RBV is particularly attractive to IHRM researchers in that it focuses directly on the potential apprize of a firms internal asset stocks for conceiving and executing non-homogeneous strategies . This perspective departs from traditional I/O economic models of competitive advantage that focus on the structure of commercializes as the primary determinant of firm mathematical process (Barney, 1991 Wernerfelt, 1984).Also in contrast with I/O economic models, the RBV is based on the assumption that resources be (1) distri anded heterogeneously crossways firms and (2) remain imperfectly alert over time. Because these asset stocks be unequal, there is the potential for comparative advantage. And when the resources are immobile, that advantage may be demanding to appropriate or imitate, thereby conferring a sustainable advantage In the mise en scene of MNCs, the set forth of resource heterogeneousness and quietness have particular relevance. man the RBV typically focuses on resource heterogeneousness crossways firms, MNCs are unique in that they possess heterogeneity inside their asset stocks as well. Because they wage in multiple environments, MNCs are likely to possess chromosomal mutations in both their people and practices that reflect local requirements, laws, and cultures. This variation is a potential source of advantage at a local level, and rump provide a global advantage to the MNC as a whole if the fellowship, skills, and capabilities can be leveraged appropriately. Page 4International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 However, date heterogeneous resources are potentially immobile crosswise firms, they may in like manner be immobile at bottom firms (MNCs). precondition that scholars have consistently noted the difficulties of integrating people and practices deep down MNCs (e. g. , Szulanski, 1996 McWilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001), the challenge of desegregation remains one of the to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) perplexing organisational and strategic issues. It is thereof somewhat surprising that IHRM researchers have not addressed this issue more directly.The purpose of this chapter is to summarize th e books on RBV and IHRM by addressing the ways in which resource heterogeneity and indifference provide potential advantages to MNCs. However, we in addition hope to extend the RBV in this context by addressing some of the primary challenges ofand capabilities infallible to grow resources and mix them crossways business units within the MNC. In this sense, we draw upon the acquaintance-based view of the firm (KBV) and organizational learning perspectives to fashion at how practices are created and fluxd on a global scale (Grant, 1996 Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997).To organize this discussion, we break the chapter dump into three parts First, we review how the RBV has been applied to IHRM issues to date and discuss the underlying assumptions of this research. Second, we extend the RBV logic to more appropriately deal with issues of practice integration and world within a globally dynamic environment by turning focus to aspects of learning capabilities. Finally, we discuss the significances for future research and where this extended view of RBV mogul purify research on a firms human resources.IHM, People, Practices, And Competitive Advantage Discussions of IHRM within the RBV framework focus on both the workforce (i. e. , the people) as well as the HR endure (i. e. , the structures, policies and practices) (e. g. , Evans, Pucik, & Basoux, 2002 touched(predicate) & Bjorkman, 2001 MacDuffie, 1995 Schuler, Dowling, & De Cieri, 1993). To have a sustainable competitive advantage a firm must jump possess people with different and unwrap skills and noesis than its competitors or it must possess HR practices that go away for differentiation from competitors.Second, these practices or skills and abilities should not be easy for competitors to duplicate or imitate (Wright, Dunford, & Snell, 2001). Page 5 International Human Resources Managing Global Workforces CAHRS WP05-16 edifice on the assumptions of heterogeneity and apathy, scholars systemat ically stress the strategic contributions of peoples intimacy and skills to the operation of firms and sustained competitive advantage (Boxall, 1996). In fact, Barney (1991) softened a model to show how specific assets can be strategically identified to lead to sustainable competitive advantage.Building on this model, McWilliams, Van Fleet, and Wright (2001) argue that human resources, defined as the entire pool of employees, present a unique source of advantage in comparison to domestic labor pools in damage of value, rarity, inimit faculty, and nonsubstitut cogency (VRIN). minded(p) the VRIN framework, McWilliams et al. (2001) argued that firms can benefit from a global workforce in two ways (1) slap-upizing on the global labor pools, and (2) exploiting the ethnical synergies of a diverse workforce. First, global (heterogeneous) labor pools potentially provide superior human capital.This is because firms can draw from different labor pools to match the different ineluctably of the firm (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 1989). For example, some labor pools may have workers who, on average, have higher cognitive ability or have had great access to education and training. An MNC could potentially draw from the highest woodland labor pools for those attend tos that require high cognitive ability and education and training (McWilliams et al. , 2001). Second, the use of heterogeneous labor pools potentially increases the quality of global business ratiocination making.When an MNC draws from its multiple labor pools it has the potential to a build diverse and flexible cadre of managers that are better able to bring different perspectives to a decision than a management convocation based totally from the reboot country (Ricks, 1993). That diversity also enables management to be flexible in applying their skills by means ofout the different parts of the firm. Wright and Snell (1998) discussed theses advantages in terms of resource flexibility and coordination flexib ility.While McWilliams et al. (2001) highlighted the benefits of human resource heterogeneity and immobility they also point out the difficulty in transferring and integrating these resources Page 6 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 within the MNC. Drawing on Szulanskis (1996) concept of stickiness, they note that the exchanges are make more difficult by the lack of receptive capacity of the receiver, causal ambiguity, and an sonorous relationship amid the source and the recipient (Szulanski, 1996 36).Yet, little research exists discussing how internal stickiness can be overcome in order to maximize the benefits of a global workforce while overcoming the challenges of integration and coordination. Managing Global HR Functions Placing people as the source of sustainable competitive advantage moves us to the dilemma of how best to manage their experience, skills, and abilities. Within the RBV literature, issues of resource heterogeneity and immobility underlie the inev itable tension between local responsiveness and global integration in MNCs (cf. Bae & Lawler, 2000 Brewster, 1999 Fey & Bjorkman, 2001 Sparrow, Schuler & Jackson, 1994). Local responsiveness and the value derived from customization implies variationi. e. , heterogeneitywithin the MNC. Global efficiency, on the other hand, requires integration crosswise business units. However, given the assumption of resource immobility, this integration is not always easy to achieve. Schuler et al. (1993) captured the substance of these tradeoffs by highlighting the relationships between internal operations and interunit linkages.From the standpoint of internal operations, each overseas affiliate must operate as efficaciously as possible congener to the competitive schema of the MNC. This manner that these affiliates can offer advantages to the MNC by recognizing and developing HR practices that are appropriate for their local markets, employment laws, cultural traditions, and the like. While internal operations at the local level are primary(prenominal), the MNC must also pass interunit linkages to gain efficiencies of scale and scope across several different countries.This suggests that while overseas affiliates can get advantages locally, there are also substantial advantages that can be gained globally through integrated HR practices. Each is important, but each carries with it a different set of organizational requirements. These requirements point directly to issues pertinent for HRM. Page 7 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 Extending these ideas, Taylor, Beechler, and Napier (1996) describe how MNCs might develop a more collective approach to HRM. The objective of this strategy is to share best practices from all parts of the firm (not just corporate) to create a world undecomposable system.While there are allowances for local differentiation, the focus is on substantial global integration. Differentiation provides both the potential for local respo nse and customization, as well as the variety of ideas and practices needed for innovation at the global level. However, integration through coordination, communication, and learning is not always easily achieved in this context. Ironically, the genuinely characteristics that provide resource-based advantage at the local level actually complicate integration at the global level.The ability of firms to gain efficiencies of scope and scale at a global level is do more difficult by resource heterogeneity, and this challenge is exacerbated by resource immobility. The challenge then for the transnational firm is to identify how firms can hold back variety (and local customization) while simultaneously establishing a launching for integration and efficiency. As mentioned by McWilliams et al. (2001) very few scholars have addressed the stickiness issue involved in balancing the global and local tension. Taylor et al. 1996) allude to such integration difficulties when they note The reas on firms move toward an exportive alternatively than an endogenetic SIHRM orientationis that the mechanism to identify and transfer the best HRM practices in their overseas affiliates are not in place. Such mechanisms as having regional or global meetings of affiliate HR directors, transferring HRM materials (e. g. , performance judgment forms to affiliates) or posting of the HR director of the affiliates to the HQs of the firm were not developed (p. 972). These same competency issues are raised by McWilliams et al. 2001) when they discuss the major causes of internal stickiness being lack of absorptive capacity, causal ambiguity, and arduous relationships between the source and recipient. In both examples, barriers to global practice integration are raised and discussed, but not resolved. This issue is addressed more fully below. Page 8 International Human Resources IHM And Capabilities CAHRS WP05-16 Given the importanceand difficultyof integrating human resources at a global l evel, while preserving the uniqueness and heterogeneity at the local level, it seems reasonable to discuss these issues in the context of competitive capabilities.Based on the companionship based view (KBV) of firms, that emphasizes the need to acquire and integrate knowledge, we suggest two such capabilities (see mental image 1). First, knowledge integration capability refers to a firms ability to transfer and coordinate human resources across affiliates in a way that utilizes economies of scale and scope while allowing and promoting responsiveness to the local environment. Second, knowledge creation capability refers to a firms ability to create new and potentially innovative practices at the local level. figure of speech 1 IHRM People, Practices, and Capabilities Focus Theories RBV Focus on individual resources of knowledge, skills, and abilities RBV and Competencies Focus on combined resources of HR practices strategical Question Workforce What are the knowledge, skills, and abilities that are heterogeneous and immobile? HR Practices and Systems What are the HR practices and systems that are heterogeneous and immobile? Learning Capabilities How can HR practices and systems be created and integrated to preserve heterogeneity and immobility?Sources McWilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001 People Practices Taylor, Beechler, & Napier, 1996 KBV and brassal Capabilities Capabilities Focus on learning processes and capabilities Chadwick & Cappelli, 1999 Knowledge Integration Capability Ironically, while learning capability is one of the key dimensions of the Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989) framework of transnational organizations, most IHRM researchers have made only passing mention of how firms share and integrate best practice within the MNC.Snell, Youndt, and Wright (1996) argued that, particularly in dynamic environments, organizational learning may be the only way to insure that resources sustain their value and uniqueness over Page 9 International Human Resou rces CAHRS WP05-16 time. In essence, the capability to integrate HR practices better than competitors may be a key source of sustainable competitive advantage (cf. , Kogut & Zander, 1992). In the sections below, we frame the key factors underlying knowledge integration capability in terms of organizational capital, social capital, and human capital.Organizational Capital. Youndt, Subramaniam, and Snell (2004) define organizational capital as the institutionalized knowledge and codified brings residing within an organization. Artifacts of organizational capital include an organizations reliance on manuals and databases to preserve knowledge, along with the initiation of structures, processes, and routines that encourage repeated use of this knowledge (Hansen, Hohria, & Tierney, 1999). As an integration mechanism, organizational capital allows the firm to preserve knowledge as incoming employees replace those leaving.An example of such an artifact might be a lessons learned database to ensure that lessons learned by one group can be made genial for all groups. Based on MNC research, in order to improve the integration of knowledge within an MNC relative to the speed of its spreading or imitation by competitors, firms invest in ways to make knowledge explicit by encoding its use and replicating it in rules and documentation (Kogut & Zander, 1993). Other forms of organizational capital are likely to represent detailed, company-wide routines on how new HR practices should be integrated by all affiliates.These routines may detail how practices should be shared out to reduce the variance and time it takes to implement each new approach, and thereby, improve the overall efficiency of knowledge integration (March, 1991). Similarly, organizations typically implement information systems to provide affiliates with a common platform for HR processes and practices (Snell, Stueber & Lepak, 2002). These systems, processes, and routines ensure that (1) practices are imple mented routinely through established data charm procedures and (2) practices are rapidly disseminated throughout the entire MNC with minimal costs (Daft & Weick, 1984).In terms of integration capability, then, organizational capital provides a basis for sharing and Page 10 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 institutionalizing knowledge across affiliates. However, it may work against efforts to preserve heterogeneity at the sub-unit level. social Capital. hearty capitaldefined as the knowledge embedded within social lucresalso plays a potentially valuable role in the integration capability of MNCs (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). For example, Szulanski (1995) found that one of the biggest obstacles to transfer knowledge in MNCs is the poor relationship between sources and recipients of information.Along this line, Ghoshal and Bartlett (1989) empirically showed that knowledge sharing and integration could not occur without the existence of strong social connections. The import ance of social capital for integration capability is found in research by Kostova and Roth (2002), who concluded that successful practice adoption is largely dependent upon relationships based on trust and shared identity. Trust provides the motive to interact with others, while shared identity provides an overlapping understanding of what is important to share. some(prenominal) of these elements of social capital would seem vital for integration capability.And importantly, neither of them would de facto require the loss of local autonomy. Human Capital. While organizational and social capital are both potentially important resources underlying a firms integration capability, Teece (1977) argued that one of the principle obstacles to transfer and integration is lack of prior lie with and knowledge (i. e. , human capital). Research by Szulanski (1996) and Tsai (2002), for example, has shown that knowledge sharing and integration is facilitated when respective parties have the absor ptive capacity or prior experience to understand related ideas (Szulansk, 1996 Tsai, 2002).In the context of MNCs, Haas (2004) showed that groups with large amounts of supranational experience are more likely to integrate knowledge from other parts of the organization than those that do not. Similarly, Gregersen and Black (1992) found that not only is multinational experience important for integration, but when it is coupled with experience in corporate headquarters affiliates are more likely to maintain allegiance to the overall goals of the firm. These world-wide and corporate skills and knowledge are often gained through transfers and rotational assignments that enable the HR function to develop a more complex Page 11International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 and global orientation. This provides them with the ability to more systematically manage the integration process (Kedia & Bhagat, 1988). Such forms of human capital can also coiffe any tendency of HR subunits to assume that the situation in the host country is unique thus avoiding the not-invented-here syndrome. The upshot of this discussion s is that a firms integration capability likely depends on a combination of human, social, and organizational capital.Social and organizational capital are alternativeand potentially complementaryresources for knowledge and practice sharing. Human capital, in turn, is important for absorbing or acquiring that knowledge. As firms develop the capability to integrate existing practices they potentially can achieve economies of scale and scope through HRM. And when these compositional mechanisms preserve resource heterogeneity at a local level, it may lead to a more rapid response to a global environment and greater potential for competitive advantage.Figure 2 Capabilities Creative and Integrative Focus mart Assumption Value Proposition Sources Integrative Capabilities Stable Market Resources must be combined and integrated to maintain an advantage Combining re sources in ways that others cannot duplicate creates benefits arising from scarcity Taylor, Beechler, & Napier, 1996 McWilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001 Creative Capabilities propulsive Market Resources must be reconfigured and created to maintain an advantage growing new resources that competitors dont yet have creates benefits arising from innovationChadwick & Cappelli, 1999 Snell, Youndt, and Wright 1996 Page 12 International Human Resources Knowledge Creation Capability CAHRS WP05-16 In the context of organizational learning and the KBV, it is important to distinguish knowledge integration capability from knowledge creation capability. Just because a firm is able to integrate practices across affiliates does not mean that it will be able to create new practices as well (See Figure 2). Creation capabilities allow the MNC to develop new practices that lead to resource heterogeneity in the first place.While few HRM researchers have mentioned the importance of integration mecha nisms, fewer still have discussed the importance of creation mechanisms that revitalize a firms stock of HR practices. This is despite the fact that as firms continually integrate practices, it is imperative that new practices are created and developed that allows for innovation and continuous improvement in a changing environment. Therefore, in global environments characterized by rapid change and increasing competition, static concepts of heterogeneity may no longer be sufficient to explain (and sustain) a competitive advantage.An ongoing debate in strategy is whether any static view of resources can really explain a competitive advantage that is sustainable over time (Lippman & Rumelt, 1982). For example, Grant (1996) argues that idiosyncratic advantages naturally erode over time. This debate is especially applicable in the global environment where what might create a competitive advantage at one point in time or in one location, may not at some other point in time or location . Hence, it is vital that MNCs develop the capability to create and renew HR practices in order to maintain a competitive advantage.Ghoshal & Bartlett (1988) stated that MNCs create new products, practices, or systems locally, using specific mechanisms to respond to local circumstances. Creating local HR practices lies at the heart of an MNCs capability to be responsive to the unique and changing opportunities of different environments. Below, we discuss how human capital, social capital, and organizational capital might shape the knowledge creation capability of new HR practices. (See Figure 3 for an overview of mechanisms that decide knowledge integration and creation capabilities).Page 13 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 Figure 3 Capabilities Human Capital, Social Capital, Organizational Capital Human Capital Social Capital Organizational Capital Creative Capability In-depth local experience International experience outside of corporate Broad internal network range B road external network range Local Market Relationships Localized routines Creative processes and systems Norms of repose Overarching principles or guidelines Increasing regularize on Creative Capability Integrative CapabilityIncreasing Influence on Integrative Capability Absorptive capacity International and corporate experience Internal Social connections Shared perceptions and identity Internal Trust Company-wide rules and routines Corporate culture of sharing Interactive technologies Data show system Human Capital. The knowledge and experiencei. e. , human capitalof the people within the HR function is a key factor in new HR practice creationwhether of new practice ideas, or of improvements in the practices (Lepak & Snell, 1999).For example, HR functions possessing large amounts of local knowledge and experience should be able to effectively create practices on their own in response to the various, changing environments. This localized experience helps them to understand the n eeds of local clients and suppliers, which allows them to develop practices that are unique to each region or country, and hence, heterogeneous across the firm. Page 14 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 International experiences are also important for creating new HR practices.For example, because international experience is often highly valued in MNCs (e. g. , Mendenhall & Stahl, 2000), people with international skills and knowledge are more likely to be seen by others as being confident and willing to share divergent opinions and commend for their own position (Stasser, Stewart, & Wittenbaum, 1995). Moreover, Gregersen & Black (1992) showed that people with strong experience in many international settings and express mail experience in corporate are more likely to make changes based on local demands rather than pressures from central parts of the firm.This is most likely due to the peoples array of international experiences that have detached them from an allegiance wi th the company as a whole. Social Capital. Specific aspects of social capital have been argued to play a role in knowledge creation. For example, while Hansen (2002) argued that social networks provide an important conduit for the sharing of knowledge, he also argued that such networks play a role in knowledge creation because they inform network members about the existence, location, and significance of new knowledge.Burt (1982) found that networks comprising a broader range of contacts will have a more heterogeneous base of information and knowledge to draw from. While such wide networks may not always facilitate a deep flow of knowledge, they offer different fibre points for HR members to make comparisons and explore new ideas. A firms ability to find new opportunities is likely to be a function of multiple local contacts. HR affiliates often have vituperative links with local vendors and, perhaps, competing HR groups that allow them to pursue local opportunities (Bartlett & Gh oshal, 1989 Hedlund, 1986).Birkinshaw (1997) refers to these as relationships within the local market. Within the local market an affiliate is likely to be embedded in different types of relationships (Ghoshal & Bartlett, 1990 Ghoshal & Nohria, 1989). McEvily and Zaheer (1999) argue that because each part of the MNC maintains different local patterns of network linkages, they are exposed to new knowledge, ideas, and opportunities. Organizational Capital. In many cases, organizational capital may actually hinder knowledge creation capability. The formalized processes, systems, structures, and so forth ave a Page 15 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 tendency to reinforce existing routines and obviate against variation and change that engender creativity. However, in some instances, organizational capital may facilitate flexibility in the course of actions that allow a firm to attend to environmental cues. This is especially true when employees are further to take action tha t supersede company-wide, regularized routines in favor of localized response that allows knowledge soaking up from the local environment (Daft & Weick, 1984).For example, parts of the firm may develop seminal processes and systems to identify enigmas, develop hypotheses, pass around ideas to others, and contradict what would normally be expected (Torrence, 1988). Grant (1996) argued that such creative routines and processes offer an efficient framework for people to create new, situation-specific practices by utilizing local perspectives in developing practices for the firm.Though potentially problematic for the integrative capability, localized routines and creative processes help affiliates relate better with local vendors, clients, and competitors by providing a set of expectations and processes that encourage HR groups to turn to the surrounding environment. For example, an HR affiliate may have developed a simple manual or informal norm of what to do when developing a new practice. Such a routine is likely to leave many gaps in exact steps to follow, but provide an overview or value to help the HR group be innovative.This simple routine allows the local HR group to assimilate knowledge more quickly from its employees and develop practices to meet their needs. In summary, these aspects of human capital, social capital, and organizational capital help us identify how the knowledge integration and creation capabilities might occur within an MNC. Some of these forms of capital are more useful depending upon the capability it is supporting, and ironically, some of these mechanisms that influence integration might actually hinder knowledge creation and vice versa.For example, firms heavy in local knowledge and experiences and faint in international experiences might have a negative affect on a firms ability to integrate practices across the various parts of the firm. Such strong human capital is likely to promote the not-invented-here syndrome through the affiliates strong belief and experience base traffic exclusively with the local environment. Similarly, rigid forms of Page 16 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 organizational capital, in terms of standardized routines and shared electronic databases, might deter the various parts of HR to develop and create practices on their own.This could largely stem from the fact that so much structure and support for integration is in place that HR groups fail to find time to bring about new practices or hold existing practices to the local environment. Implications For Research And Theory The unique complexities and challenges faced by todays global firms present different implications for the RBV and its application to strategic IHRM. For example, because a large amount of the international management literature focuses on variances in cultural, geographical, and institutional pressures the implications for applying the RBV become more complex.As MNCs struggle to create and inte grate their practices across borders, they are faced with unique challenges that either push for global efficiency or local responsiveness. These challenges brusk the discussion for ways to actually manage both the creation and integration of knowledge on a global scale. This means that the questions typically asked by strategic IHRM scholars (e. g. , HR practices and performance) should be augmented with questions of how HR practices are created and integrated in ways that lead toward resource heterogeneity and immobility.To create a sustainable competitive advantage firms must not only be able to respond to their local environments or standardize their practices across the firm. They must be able to balance a tension of practice heterogeneity through local practice creation and immobility of those practices through their integration across the firm. One theoretical implication of this discussion calls for a greater understanding of the rents found through the creation and integra tion of HR practices. As Chadwick and Dabu (2004) explain, a marriage of rent concepts with theories of the firm (i. e. RBV) is essential to describing firms competitive advantages and particularly in understanding how actors within firms can take conscious steps to toward a sustainable competitive advantage. The latest strategic IHRM literature strongly alludes to the importance of integration and being able to Page 17 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 organize heterogeneous resources in a way that is difficult for competitors to imitate. The assumption here is that heterogeneity and immobility of resources creates greater performance or rents arising from scarcityRicardian rents (cf. , Carpenter, Sanders, Gregersen, 2001).In essence, Ricardian rents can be rooted in the cross-border integration of various HR practices. The integration of such practices not only assures that some of them will be unique to the firm, but that they will be difficult for others to imitatemak ing them scarce in the market. The advantages that come from constant creation of HR practices operates under a different principle than traditional resources leading to Ricardian rents. quite than rents arising from scarcity, the creation capability perspective emphasizes rents arising from market discontinuitiesSchumpeterian rents (cf. Carpenter et al. , 2001). Schumpeterian rents derive from a firms ability to exploit or leverage resources to address changing environments (Teece et al. , 1997 Amit & Schoemaker, 1993). Based on Schumpeterian rents, a focus on the continuous creation of resources can enable a firm to achieve competitive advantage on a sustainable basis by developing new practices that lead to practice heterogeneity across a complex and ambiguous global network. Hence, as mentioned by Lado and Wilson (1994) and Teece et al. 1997), turning to these dynamic capabilities as an extended approach to the RBV offers a closer understanding of the actual sources of competit ive advantage in a changing global environment. While we discuss the main mechanisms driving knowledge creation and integration (Grant, 1996), aspects of integration tend to focus on a broad array of learning processes, including knowledge sharing, transfer, codification, adoption, and/or institutionalization. Further research should look at how different aspects of the integration process might be influenced by specific human, social, and organizational capital mechanisms.For example, Hansen and Haas (2001) showed that many firms have little difficulty in sharing knowledge across various units of the firm, but that the actual application or institutionalization of this knowledge is a completely different matter. While other scholars such as Kogut and Zander (1992) and Schulz (2001) have theoretically separated integration to include transfer and integration (or combination), very Page 18 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 little practical research has been done on what fac tors might influence the transfer and what factors might influence the integration of knowledge.Clearly, there must be differences since research such as Hansen and Haas (2001) notice the disparity in knowledge that is shared and knowledge that is actually applied. Also, while the ideas presented in this chapter are rooted in theory, empirical research is needed to determine the impact of human, social,, and organizational capital on knowledge creation and integration capabilities. While theory suggests that aspects of all three of these factors will influence both capabilities, it is most probable that aspects of human capital will more strongly influence the creative capability.This is largely due to the fact that people and their knowledge and skills are what allows the different HR affiliates the ability to develop local practices on their own, without interference or supervision from regional or corporate headquarters. Similarly, social and organizational capital should have th eir strongest influences on the integrative capability. This is due, in part, to the conduits and repositories created from aspects of social capital and organizational capital, respectively.In fact, as we mentioned earlier, some aspects of organizational capital might have a negative effect on the firms ability to create new practices (knowledge), while some aspects of human capital may have a negative effect on the firms ability to integrate those practices across affiliates. end The purpose of this chapter has been to summarize the literature on RBV and IHRM in multinational firms by addressing the ways in which resource heterogeneity and immobility provide potential advantages to MNCs.However, we have also attempted to extend the RBV in this context by addressing some of the primary challenges ofand capabilities needed to integrate resources across business units within the MNC. The solution ofttimes used by firms has been to standardize HR practices and policies at a global le vel, but this solves the integration problem while destroying the advantages of local Page 19 International Human Resources CAHRS WP05-16 variety. The challenge as we see it is identifying how firms can preserve variety (and local customization) while simultaneously establishing a foundation for integration and efficiency.The ability for HR managers to balance this tension lies in the development of capabilities to create and integrate practices across the global HR function. We extended traditional views of RBV to include aspects of practice integration and creation. Such capabilities allow firms to constantly renew their HR practices in a way that allows them to respond to multiple external pressures while being coordinated and integrated to ensure that these practices drive the firms sustainable competitive advantage. 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