Analysis Of A Modern China Family English Literature Essay

Investigation Of A Modern China Family English Literature Essay Dad Chins Family is a chronicled, semi-self-portraying story of the hardships suffered by the individuals from a highborn family during the huge change in Chinese social and political request that occurred during the mid twentieth century. The focal clash that is encapsulated in the novel is the failure of the people depicted in the account to move past the regularly severe conventional social builds that keep them from pushing ahead considering the new progressive worldview that was clearing the nation. Three siblings, Chueh-hui, Chueh-min and Chueh-hsin, are the focal figures in this account, and the battle to adjust the duties forced upon them by the customary request and their craving for radical change characterizes the basic topic of the novel. These clashing wants destroy them and power them to either adjust or be left previously. The work exemplifies the voice of a country that was saturated with inconsistency, and exhibits all through its sections solid hidden topics of cultural frustration and distress. By offering an exceptional understanding into the most close to home parts of life during this wild time of Chinese history, Family offers the antiquarian a basic point of view on the mental underpinnings of a general public experiencing key changes in structure. The undeniably articulated division among old and new is basic to the comprehension of the account in this story. This is spoken to at various roads, yet is uncovered most unmitigatedly in a succession where Chueh-huis contemplates upon his granddads dozing body and through cautious examination goes to the acknowledgment that the elderly person eventually speaks to not his granddad, yet a whole age and that he himself was comparatively the agent of his own age. Reflecting further upon this perception drives him to the end that they would never agree. (Jaw 64). This end is significant, and portends the powerlessness of China to accommodate the two drastically disparate world-sees; there would be an extreme conflict among conventionalism and communist progressivism that destroys the nation, however all the securities that are held inside. This opposition between the old and the new comparably crosses recorded lines, with verifiable writings showing an essential separate between the conventional develops that filled in as the direction of Chinas activities on the world stage for ages and a ground-breaking requirement for change that took steps to clear away these customary frameworks. In Madame Sun Yat-Sens open location concerning the political left, she opens with the accompanying: on the off chance that China is to get by as an autonomous nation in the cutting edge battle of countries, her semi-primitive states of life must be on a very basic level changed and an advanced state made to supplant the medieval framework which has existed for in excess of a thousand years. This errand should be finished by the technique for upheaval (Cheng Lestz 267). Explanations, for example, these mirror a developing hostility towards conventional social builds, in this occasion painting them as medieval. This disposition is characteristic of a reluctance to bargain with the past so as to push ahead it must be consumed with smoldering heat to prepare for the new. Basically, it must be perceived that a definitive force of this disobedience was not change for general turn of events or even change to facilitate China as a country, yet as a way to find the West. Here we see a checked change; China is not, at this point the smiling, prevailing country who anticipates that Western countries should cow tow to the impulse of the Emperor, yet an awful rate country with a falling political framework that is compelled to play make up for lost time to the blossoming Western forces. A substantial feeling of inadequacy can be seen when perusing political material starting from this period, penetrating all layers of Chinese society. The New Life development can be viewed as an expansion of this obsessive national instability; it is an endeavor to copy the West. In Madame Chiangs address on the issue, she expresses that Each country, as indicated by its lights, has tried to discover an exit from stagnation into commonality. Italy has its dictatorship, Germany its Nazism and America its New Deal (Cheng Lestz 295). This can be deciphered as demonstrative of Chinas interests to seek after the formative examples of the West; in the mind of the Chinese they can no longer cut their own way in history just would like to follow the way of the West without losing the fundamental Chinese soul, which is to a great extent dependent on Confucian qualities. This endeavor to accommodate the past with the current equals a considerable lot of the hardships suffered by the siblings in Family. An intriguing part of the story is the work of the third-individual account so as to uncover the different characters in the story in a setting where there is obviously an incredible level of disarray with respect to social and good ordinariness. Ordinarily of this type of portrayal, we are in some cases restricted in the mental inspirations and internal sentiments of a considerable lot of the characters in the novel. This is a significant plot gadget in certain occurrences; we don't pick up anything of Master Kaos deepest considerations until not long before his passing, so, all in all he is uncovered to take care of business of a positive outlook who holds simply the best expectations for his family. In the story, three promising young ladies are at last decimated by the family: Ming-feng, Jui-cheuh and Mei. This serves not just as the explanation behind Cheui-huis choice to relinquish his family and, by expansion, the conventionalist lessons of Master Kao, yet an announcement of the manner by which customary Chinese society abuses ladies in such a way as to deny from them the will to live. Notwithstanding the appearing absence of respect for their government assistance, loss of the ladies is felt intensely by all individuals from the family, impressively more so in contrast with Master Kao, where after his passing the significant concern is the separating of his riches and resources (Chin 295-296). This gives a false representation of the way that there was little love for the cruel Master among these nearest to him; the adoration is a fascade, similar to everything in the conventional life. The demise of Jui-cheuh was particularly hard on Cheuh-hui, who felt that the child was a foe who had taken his dearest, at that point ventured to such an extreme as to accuse the whole social request and, by expansion, his own adjustment to the customary request, for having made him so frail as to be not able to spare the two ladies that he adored: What had removed his better half was something different. It was the whole social framework, with its ethical code its notions. He had borne them for quite a long time while they took his childhood, his joy, his future, the two ladies he had adored most on the planet. They were too overwhelming a weight; he needed to shake them off; he battled (Chin 309). All through the novel we are stood up to with a Cheuh-hui that is profoundly pained by his internal abhorrences and weaknesses; here it is showed in a way that is unmitigated to the peruser and introduced in a manner as to make the profound situated cultural brokenness that is the fundamental subject of the novel express in a sensational manner. In Family, the siblings are eventually divided, with Cheuh-hui leaving in nauseate of the occasions that had occurred, and unfit to accommodate with the past. Comparable changes had additionally grabbed hold of different siblings, whom had betrayed the family either truth be told or in soul with a profound gorge developing between the kin with the slip by of time just barely being accommodated by a minute ago endeavors to make harmony with each other. Instances of such endeavors incorporate Master Kaos declarations that Cheuh-hui was a decent kid (Chin 289) and Cheuh-hui promising Cheuh-hsin that in addition to the fact that he would compose, yet that they would doubtlessly observe each other again later on. It is a confident yet tragic splitting, with every one of the siblings endeavoring to make great with each other in the acknowledgment of the way that they have all been compelled to bear outrageous hardship. Family is the life story of a China that can't accommodate with itself through any methods other than devastation of the old. As Cheuh-hui is compelled to persevere through the loss of everything that he has loved in his life so as to break liberated from the conventional request that has bound him to an actual existence that is loaded up with distress and outrage, China is likewise compelled to fight with a comparable circumstance . Change doesn't and can't come as a trade off, for example, Chiangs New Life development, however as an extreme socialist insurgence that just eradicates the past and sews the seeds of another future. While a portion of his siblings might be all the more ready to acknowledge the family even despite its inescapable pulverization, Cheuh-hui grasps the dubious future; he perceives that he can possibly push ahead on the off chance that he doesn't think back.

The process of growth and thus there is no optimum size of firm Essay

The procedure of development and in this way there is no ideal size of firm - Essay Example The financial hypothesis has faith in the reason that an association would exponentially increment fit as a fiddle if its development and advancement systems are in accordance with its prerequisites and wants over the long haul. This infers the discussion that the procedure of development is basically connected with its prosperity, both inside the momentary condition just as over the long haul plan of things (Napach 1998). It is effectively deducible from the said viewpoint that there is no ideal size of the firm yet it is a relative issue in any case. The attention must stay on the way in which the firm if developing to make it sound as large instead of passing by the sheer size. The universal and local settings of the firm are critical to comprehend on the grounds that this is an indication of extension and development which are truly considerable inside the main part of things. In this manner the contention that the procedure of development is connected with the firm as far as its extension and improvement appears to be legitimate yet without its ideal size simultaneously. This is on the grounds that organizations like to connect their own selves with the developing requests of the business as opposed to opening up workplaces which are neither sensible nor controllable. There is a desperate need to appreciate that a firm will possibly develop in the event that it needs to develop from its own foundations, as opposed to depending on domains which are trivial for its own premise. Size is along these lines a result of a firm’s development and is simply an issue of the measurements which are available inside the setting of the firm itself. These are hailed as insignificant and have no job at all in its development and improvement systems (Penrose 1995). The contention appears to be legitimate in light of the fact that a firm would just rely upon its asse ts to get it to a position where it was never a piece of, instead of relying a lot upon the perspectives which would build its size, which is not yet clear as a significant power to deal with in the evolving

Understanding Stages in Developmental Psychology

Understanding Stages in Developmental Psychology Theories Developmental Psychology Print Developmental Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 13, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 More in Theories Developmental Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Developmental Psychology Theories Developmental Psychologists Developmental Stages Developmental Disorder Diagnosis View All Back To Top People go through many changes over the course of their lives. Development describes the growth of humans throughout their lifespan, from conception to death. Psychologists strive to understand and explain how and why people change throughout life. While many of these changes are normal and expected, they can still pose challenges that people sometimes need extra assistance to manage. By understanding the process of normative development, professionals are better able to spot potential problems and provide early interventions that can result in better outcomes. Developmental psychologists can work with people of all ages to treat issues and support growth, although some choose to specialize in a specific area such as childhood, adulthood, or old age. What Is Developmental Psychology? Developmental psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on how people grow and change over the course of a lifetime. Those who specialize in this field are not just concerned with the physical changes that occur as people grow; they also look at the social, emotional, and cognitive development that occurs throughout life. Some of the many issues that developmental psychologists may help patients deal with include: motor skill developmentlanguage acquisitionemotional developmentthe emergence of self-awareness and self-conceptcognitive development during childhood and throughout lifesocial and cultural influences on child developmentpersonality developmentmoral reasoningdevelopmental challenges and learning disabilities These professionals spend a great deal of time investigating and observing how these processes occur under normal circumstances, but they are also interested in learning about things that can disrupt developmental processes. By better understanding how and why people change and grow, developmental psychologists can help people live up to their full potential. Understanding the course of normal human development and recognizing potential problems early on is important, because untreated developmental problems may lead to difficulties with depression, low self-esteem, frustration, and low achievement in school. Developmental Psychology Theories Developmental psychologists often utilize a number of theories to think about different aspects of human development. For example, a psychologist assessing intellectual development in a child might consider Piagets theory of cognitive development, which outlined the key stages that children go through as they learn. A psychologist working with a child might also want to consider how the childs relationships with caregivers influences his or her behaviors, and so turn to Bowlbys theory of attachment. Psychologists are also interested in looking at how social relationships influence the development of both children and adults. Eriksons theory of psychosocial development and Vygotskys theory of sociocultural development are two popular theoretical frameworks that address the social influences on the developmental process. Each approach tends to stress different aspects of development such as mental, social, or parental influences on how children grow and progress. When You (or Your Child) Might Need a Developmental Psychologist While development tends to follow a fairly predictable pattern, there are times when things might go off course. Parents often focus on what are known as developmental milestones, which represent abilities that most children tend to display by a certain point in development. These typically focus on one of four different areas: physical, cognitive, social/emotional, and communication. For example, walking is one physical milestone that most children achieve sometime between the ages of 9 and 15 months. If a child is not walking or attempting to walk by 16 to 18 months, parents might consider consulting with their family physician to determine if a developmental issue might be present. While all children develop at different rates, when a child fails to meet certain milestones by a certain age, there may be cause for concern. By being aware of these milestones, parents can seek assistance and healthcare professionals can offer interventions that can help kids overcome developmental delays. These professionals often evaluate children to determine if a developmental delay might be present, or they might work with elderly patients who are facing health concerns associated with old age such as cognitive declines, physical struggles, emotional difficulties, or degenerative brain disorders. Developmental psychologists can provide support to individuals at all points of life who may be facing developmental issues or problems related to aging. Concerns at Different Stages of Development As you might imagine, developmental psychologists often break down development according to various phases of life. Each of these periods of development represents a time when different milestones are typically achieved. People may face particular challenges at each point, and developmental psychologists can often help people who might be struggling with problems to get back on track. Prenatal: The prenatal period is of interest to developmental psychologists who seek to understand how the earliest influences on development can impact later growth during childhood. Psychologists may look at how primary reflexes emerge before birth, how fetuses respond to stimuli in the womb and the sensations and perceptions that fetuses are capable of detecting prior to birth. Developmental psychologists may also look at potential problems such as Down syndrome, maternal drug use, and inherited diseases that might have an impact on the course of future development. Early Childhood: The period from infancy through early childhood is a time of remarkable growth and change. Developmental psychologists look at things such as the physical, cognitive, and emotional growth that takes place during this critical period of development. In addition to providing interventions for potential developmental problems at this point, psychologists are also focused on helping kids achieve their full potential. Parents and healthcare experts are often on the lookout to ensure that kids are growing properly, receiving adequate nutrition, and achieving cognitive milestones appropriate for their age. Middle Childhood: This period of development is marked by both physical maturation and the increased importance of social influences as children make their way through elementary school. Kids begin to make their mark on the world as they form friendships, gain competency through schoolwork, and continue to build their unique sense of self. Parents may seek the assistance of a developmental psychologist to help kids deal with potential problems that might arise at this age including social, emotional, and mental health issues. Adolescence: The teenage years are often the subject of considerable interest as children experience the psychological turmoil and transition that often accompanies this period of development. Psychologists such as Erik Erikson were especially interested in looking at how navigating this period leads to identity formation. At this age, kids often test limits and explore new identities as they explore the question of who they are and who they want to be. Developmental psychologists can help support teens as they deal with some of the challenging issues unique to the adolescent period including puberty, emotional turmoil, and social pressure. Early Adulthood: This period of life is often marked by forming and maintaining relationships. Forming bonds, intimacy, close friendships, and starting a family are often critical milestones during early adulthood. Those who can build and sustain such relationships tend to experience connectedness and social support while those who struggle with such relationships may be left feeling alienated and lonely. People facing such issues might seek the assistance of a developmental psychologist in order to build healthier relationships and combat emotional difficulties. Middle Adulthood: This stage of life tends to center on developing a sense of purpose and contributing to society. Erikson described this as the conflict between generativity and stagnation. Those who engage in the world, contribute things that will outlast them, and leave a mark on the next generation emerge with a sense of purpose. Activities such as careers, families, group memberships, and community involvement are all things that can contribute to this feeling of generativity. Old Age: The senior years are often viewed as a period of poor health, yet many older adults are capable of remaining active and busy well into their 80s and 90s. Increased health concerns mark this period of development, and some individuals may experience mental declines related to dementia. Erikson also viewed the elder years as a time of reflection back on life. Those who are able to look back and see a life well lived emerge with a sense of wisdom and readiness to face the end of their lives, while those who look back with regret may be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. Developmental psychologists may work with elderly patients to help them cope with issues related to the aging process. Diagnosis of a Developmental Issue To determine if a developmental problem is present, a psychologist or other highly trained professional may administer either a developmental screening or evaluation. For children, such an evaluation typically involves interviews with parents and other caregivers to learn about behaviors they may have observed, a review of a childs medical history, and standardized testing to measure functioning in terms of communication, social/emotional skills, physical/motor development, and cognitive skills. If a problem is found to be present, the patient may then be referred to a specialist such as a speech-language pathologist, physical therapist, or occupational therapist. A Word From Verywell Receiving a diagnosis of a developmental issue can often feel both confusing and frightening, particularly when it is your child who is affected. Once you or your loved one has received a diagnosis of a developmental issue, spend some time learning as much as you can about the diagnosis and available treatments. Prepare a list of questions and concerns you may have and discuss these issues with your doctor, developmental psychologist, and other healthcare professionals who may be part of the treatment team. By taking an active role in the process, you will feel better informed and equipped to tackle the next steps in the treatment process.

Critique of a Qualitative Ethnographic Study of New Nurses Working in the Hospital - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2908 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? Qualitative research is essential to nursing evidence- based practice as in a quantitative study. Qualitative studies focus more on the interpretation of the individual as related to the research analysis than on the experimental statistics data of the problem identified (Creswell, J. W. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critique of a Qualitative Ethnographic Study of New Nurses Working in the Hospital" essay for you Create order Creswell, J. D., 2018). The nursing field must utilize the qualitative research study as well as quantitative studies in helping to improve nursing care, patient outcomes, and seek further knowledge to change nursing habits for improved results. This qualitative critique offers a systematized analysis of the research article titled Entry into Nursing: An Ethnographic Study of Newly Qualified Nurses Taking on the Nursing Role in a Hospital Setting (Bjerknes Bjerk, 2012). Critique of Writing Style, Title, and Abstract The writing style of the article was plainly written and use of verbiage and grammatical mistakes is not detected. The article is also arranged appropriately and well organized in the dispersal of material. The researchers of the article meet degree qualifications in this field of research. According to Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls, Ormston (2013), a qualitative study that focuses on the theory of Ethnography should produce a title that shows the study conducted of immersion into a culture or community. The title chosen by the Bjerknes Bjrk (2012) follows the above stated criteria of new nurses in the hospital setting. The title is made clear of what the researchers wanted to investigate while also maintaining precise and definite information about the study being conducted. The abstract was not titled as such; thus, leading readers toward the possibility of overlooking the paragraph and thinking it is information about the authors and location of the study. However, it does provide the offer a strong summary of the research, including the research question, trial sample size, methodology, results, and suggestions of future improvements to the problem at hand. The abstract goes into clear detail when discussing the sample group size of thirteen new nurses, the methods used to conduct the study, and the results the author found with the study. For the reader, this clear clarification of the study helps to recognize what researchers are presenting. A limitation found in the abstract was there were no keywords for the reader to identify with which could lead to inaccurate searches in the future for similar studies. Critique of Statement of the Phenomenon of Interest and Purpose of the Study Qualitative studies differ from quantitative studies when addressing the problem in a research study. Qualitative studies problem, or termed phenomena, is more individualized and subjective to the reader (Creswell, J. W. Creswell, J. D., 2018). In the article by Bjerknes Bjrk (2012), the phenomena of interest are stated in two separate locations. First, when discussing in the introduction about the new graduate nurse starting the role of nursing, the researchers state that the challenges of starting in this new nursing role for student role is what stimulated the researchers to perform the study. This phenomenon is then addressed again in the background of the study as the research question by asking a focused question about the new nurse experience in starting anew role. By stating the phenomena twice, the researchers enforce the importance of the study and the result outcomes for future improvement of incorporating new nurses into the hospital setting; making this method a s trength of the study. The research question and phenomenon of interest are clearly linked and work well for researchers. Critique of Literature Review and Theoretical Framework The literature review performed by the researchers was connected to the philosophical underpinnings of the article by showing that other researchers have found commonalities as well as differences with the research undertaken for this article. The review of literature did fulfill the aims of the researchers. A strength of the literature review of the article was that the researchers were able to use articles to support the claim of new nurses needing more support and mentoring than they are receiving in the hospital setting. Another strength seen was that the researchers were also able to find articles that contradicted the experience perceived by the new nurses of this study. This literature review helps to show the unbiased nature of the article and improve validity. A weakness seen by the reader is that some of the literature reviewed and cited was more than ten years old and in the nursing field changes are always occurring. These changes lead to older information being ina ccurate or out-of-date for nursing research and research studies. Twenty-three of the referenced literature reviews were more than ten years old. This is out of the forty-two references listed. This makes for some question of reliability of the literature review and why the researchers chose articles more than ten years in the past. The theoretical framework used for this study was the ethnography approach. The intention of the ethnography approach is to recognize the social realm of the individuals being analyzed through absorption in their population to yield comprehensive images of their culture and views (Ritchie et al., 2013). The researchers adequately described this framework by discussing the method of observation in the research process of the study. This framework was also appropriate for this study because of the qualitative nature of the study and the interpretive aspect of the study. Critique of Methodology and Philosophical Underpinnings Bjerknes Bjrk (2012), did not clearly state to this reader the philosophical underpinnings, or foundation, of the study, and it had to be read a few times to gather the information needed to discuss the foundation. The philosophical approach of the study is working closely with the individual nurses to identify problems related to starting in the nursing role. I found it very difficult to understand the philosophical underpinnings addressed, and so I do not believe the authors approach was successful. The philosophical approach chosen, after much research on the article, was appropriate for this study because it is a more one-on-one approach to understanding the complications and advantages of being a new nurse. The research was conducted by a single individual who was also the primary author of the study. This be a strength because the author did not work in the facility being study, and she could gather all the information needed and kept in one place until time for review an d results identification. This can also be a limitation because the author/researcher is an experienced nurse who could have a bias toward asking certain questions to receive an answer. Both strengths and weaknesses were addressed be the researchers in the article. Sample The sample method of meetings held on both units of the hospital being observed, and written information given out to new nurses on the floor was identified in the article. The sample size of thirteen participants was also included. The sample size is a strength here because the researcher designated to this study can spend more feasible time with each individual and not get overwhelmed with the research of the study. The researchers of the article state that the study was completed out of convenience; however, the authors also state the importance of using the convenience sample method in this study. The sampling convenience method was appropriate for this study because the researchers needed to have the criteria of the sample met. This criterion was stated as a new nurse for three months when the study was started (Bjerknes Bjrk (2012). The participants were suitable for the study because of the three month experience requirement and the new graduate nurse requirement. The demographics of the individuals was given. There were limitations in the demographics of this study because the study contained females only with a mean age of 25 (Bjerknes Bjrk, 2012). This is a limitation because older individuals who are new graduate nurses and male new graduate nurses could provide a distinct perspective for researchers. Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations are of extreme importance in a qualitative study because these considerations relate to the individual and how they are feeling throughout the study. The researchers did an excellent job of informing the contributors about the disposition of the research and getting informed consent. Another strength to the study was that individuals were made aware that they could quit working with the study at any time of their choosing if they did not feel comfortable any longer. Autonomy and confidentiality were guaranteed to the individuals and maintained by having an outside researcher with no affiliation to the hospital to conduct the study. This outside researcher also helps keep the individual identities and individuals from harm. Ethical permission was given by the hospital ethics committee prior to the study. Data Collection/Data Analysis Researchers conducted observations, interviews, reflection notes from the individuals who participated in the study, and observational notes post-observation were used in the data collection. These strategies were used to analyze the data. The analysis of the data was completed corresponding to data collection. This led to the strength of data recorded or observed not being forgotten or left out of the study. The focal analysis was then completed after a year of study in the field. A limitation to the study was that no method of data analysis was identified. The researchers do point out that they used the philosophies of analyzing copious data on limited informants, but there is not a clear explanation of what this description means (Bjerknes Bjrk, 2012). Outside experts were used in the collection of data and the data analysis portion of the study. This is a strength in keeping with the non-biased nature of research. The participants were consulted to establish validity of the information provided which is a key aspect in qualitative research (Ritchie et al., 2013). This gives strength to the study because it follows the credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of the article (Creswell, J. W. Creswell, J. D., 2018). The data analysis process was started with open-ended questions; these questions became more specific as the data collection progressed (Bjerknes Bjrk, 2012). This is a strength and a weakness of the study. First is a strength because it can help researchers determine what the individual nurse goes through on a daily and shift-by-shift basis. Conversely, it is a weakness because the questions asked could be more geared toward what the researcher deems appropriate leading to a bias in the study. Data saturation was not mentioned, but to the reader it could not be perceived; this is because the participants were chosen on a convenience based form. The researchers in this article did not discuss any quantitativ e matters, so no quantities were needed or provided. Rigor The rigor, or trustworthiness of an article is important in a qualitative study to maintain validity and reliability (Creswell, J. W. Creswell, J.D., 2018). The researchers of the critiqued study did discuss in detail how rigor was assured. The researchers do this by providing a section of trustworthiness of the study where they include credibility, dependability, and confirmability (Bjerknes Bjrk, 2012). These researchers discussed in detail that credibility was achieved by the encouragement of sharing and analyzing others notes, dependability by appropriate claims and references in the article being read, and confirmability by documenting the findings so they can be used and confirmed in other studies (Bjerknes Bjrk, 2012). In this section of the article the researchers gained several strengths by directly stating how the above three rigors were maintained. The authors show transferability to the reader by addressing the issue of new nurse graduate situations on the floor i n a way that the reader can understand and relate to. Goodness was met by the article maintaining a direct approach to the study at hand and the researcher remaining non-biased throughout the study. Some weaknesses to the rigor include only one researcher completing the data, the flow in which the data was collected, and the change in questions as the study developed according to the individual being studied. Critique of Findings and Discussion Bjerknes Bjrk (2012), present the findings of the study in a unique way of a narrative format of what two nurses experienced throughout a four hour period, which was the designated time for the research to observe the individual, on two different units in the hospital. The researchers used these findings as collaborative approach to all thirteen participants. For this study, the researchers presented the findings appropriately, so the reader could gather what the new nurse was feeling on the floor at an exact moment on the unit. This format gives a huge strength to the study because it gives the reader the sense and emotions of the nurse, so they can feel the transferability of the study and relate to the new nurse. A weakness to this presentation is that not all the participants would have experienced the exact same interactions that the two nurses who were discussed experienced. The original purpose of the study has been adequately addressed in the findings and again in the d iscussion of the study showing how new nurses take on the role of a nurse, and the opportunities and limitations given to them (Bjerknes Bjrk, 2012). In the discussion paragraph of the study, the researchers return to literature review and the findings of the study to show the stress and feelings of accomplishment for new nurses. By bringing the literature review back into the discussion, the researchers give more confirmability and goodness to the article. This leads the report to return to what is already known about the phenomenon of new graduate nurses in the nursing role. Critique of Conclusions and Recommendations The researchers identify the importance of the study and implication of the findings in the conclusion paragraph of the paper. Bjerknes Bjrk (2012) present both the enthusiasm of new nurses and the want for care for their patients, and the limitations presented of deficiency of assistance mentorship and time restrictions that nurses experience during the shift. This gives a strength to the study to show the reader that there are opportunities for change and improvement in the nursing role for new nurses. Another strength is the fact that changes and improvements are can be made on a unit by unit basis to help improve experiences. The recommendations for further studies was given at the end of the conclusion, however, it shows a weakness in the study by not offering ways to improve the new nurse experiences on the floor. The recommendations should have offered solutions as well as further studies to improve outcomes. References The references for this study did were all accurately referenced in the study and on the reference page. Although they were cited appropriately, the reader had to keep checking down at the references to understand which refence was being alluded to because the authors used numbers only instead of including names as well. This style was a weakness to the reader because it took away the time to engross in the study to check the reference list. Another weakness in the references were that some references were over ten to twenty years old. In the healthcare population, references should go back no more than five to ten years unless citing a direct theory because the knowledge of the healthcare field is in an ever-changing and growing state. Summary The writing style flowed well, and the title was appropriate for the study. Although the abstract was not clearly identified, it did give all the components necessary for the reader to understand what the study is about and what the findings of the study were. The statement of the phenomenon interest was clearly identified, and the purpose of the study followed the phenomena well. The literature review was well placed in the beginning and end of the article to provide the reader with an understanding of the importance of the study. Although the literature review was well laid out, some references were old and could be a weakness in the study. The theoretical framework was clearly identified as ethnography and was followed well throughout the remainder of the study. The philosophical underpinnings were hard to distinguish and left the reader having to read the article multiple times to understand what the methodology was following. This led to huge gaps in the readers perspecti ve of the importance of the study. The sample size and ethical considerations were visibly acknowledged by the authors and explained as to the importance of the study. The data collection and analysis were explained; however, the weaknesses of the study were most evident in this area. The limitation of possible bias was shown to possibly occur, and the participants critiques of other nurses could lead to further bias by knowledge of the other nurse. The rigor of the article was stated plainly in a dedicated paragraph, so the reader could understand the trustworthiness of the article. Although transferability was not stated in this paragraph, three of the other assets of rigor were stated, giving the article a strong rigor quality. The findings were presented in a unique way that did give pure description of the new nurse transition into the nursing role. The article provided abundant information from other articles and the findings of this article. Even though some of the re ferences were older than ten to twenty years, they were helpful and supported the article well. This is a respected aspect of all research articles. Generally, the study can be suggested as a significant reading for new nurses entering the nursing role, as well as older nurses mentoring new nurses on the floor.

Identifying Their Usefulness Towards Students Studying...

Sustainability as stated in the oxford dictionary is defined as the ability of something to be maintained at a certain rate or level. For Geographers this term is often widely used within the discipline. It can be used to refer to sustainable development or to describe aspects within nature such as sustainable environments. In this literature review, we will be looking at three different types of resources that discuss sustainability. Before evaluating their usefulness towards students studying geography. We will begin by looking at the most traditional form of resource used by students, a book by Cabezas et al, that discusses a multi-disciplinary view of sustainability, then more on towards more modern resources such as academic journals†¦show more content†¦2012). Combing the ecological, political and cultural definitions to come to this conclusion. Very early on the book the importance of sustainability is stressed, linking it both the human and physical geographical view points in its analysis. Stating that the overconsumption, coupled with the dramatic increase in our population, taxing the earth in what they argue in a way our species has not done so before (Cabezas et al. 2012). Before delving into the history of sustainability, and its various related disciplines. The book then proceeds to discuss the subject from a biological point of view, before discussing the other disciplines views relating to the subject. The second key resource, the academic journal as discovered on search engine Primo that is hosted by the University. With a link directing towards some of the journals articles located on the Journals homepage. This journal written by Ravera et al in 2013, looks at rural change and farms vulnerability within the semi-arid areas located within north Nicaragua. With the authors focusing mainly at the beginning of the article towards the ever increasing rural development within the North Nicaragua. Stating that the majority of Nicaragua poor live in these semi-arid areas, where access to natural resources is limited (Ravera et al 2013). Coupled along with the over-farming and high population living within the area, the area suffers the undernourishment. Leading to low levels of sustainability, considering

How the American Society Changed during the Revolutionary War Free Essays

November 7, 2011 Americans owe the French a debt of gratitude because without them, they would either; still be fighting the British for their freedom, or lose their freedom altogether. Americans have gained their independence but changes occur after the war. American society changed politically, socially, and economically during and after the Revolutionary War. We will write a custom essay sample on How the American Society Changed during the Revolutionary War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because majority of the men were at war, the women had to step up and take charge or how society was ran, or the American economy would be ruined. The political aspect of American society changed greatly after the war; â€Å"†¦no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever†¦ but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion. † (Document D). This explicates the beginning of America losing its religion-based societies, and becoming more diverse to more religions and cultures. Unfortunately, Indians were still excluded from political decisions, and since they made alliances with the British, and not Americans, westward expansionism was unable to be stopped; â€Å"†¦It is now more than three years since peace was made between the King of Great Britain and you [Americans], but, we, the Indians, were disappointed, finding ourselves not included in that peace†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document E). Indians are seeking peace with the Americans because they are destroying their lands. Socially, American society changed significantly. Document A shows a woman as a woodcut worker. Before the war, women were stuck in the house, having no input in how their life was run; during the war, they were running society and maintaining the economy. Women also began to libel for their freedom after the war; â€Å"What then must my situation be, when my sex, my youth and inexperience all conspire to make me tremble at the task which I have undertaken? But the friendly encouragement, which I behold in almost every countenance, enables me to overcome difficulties, that would otherwise be insurmountable. (Document J). Furthermore, Molly Wallace is saying that when the men where away, the women were able to run society, so they should be included more. The American economic society depleted immensely because they owed a lot of money for the war. Although after the war, people were suppose to be freed from slavery and indentured servitude, even though they weren’t; â€Å"†¦There shall be neither slavery nor involuntar y servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duty convicted†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document H). The economy became stronger as well because the states were becoming more united, trying to establish one currency; â€Å"†¦Some of them were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property. † (Document G). Abigail Adam’s letter suggests how the economy should work, either to establish a currency, or distribute land. Furthermore, during and after the Revolutionary War the American society changed a great deal. Society changed with the Articles of Confederations, the first American government; â€Å"†¦If men were angels, no government would be necessary†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document I). After the Article of Confederation was discovered to be too weak, the bicameral government we have today was established. The Virginia Plan and the Jersey Plan allowed the Senate and House of Representatives. The American Revolution was significant to the molding of today’s government. How to cite How the American Society Changed during the Revolutionary War, Papers

the remains of the day Essay Example

the remains of the day Essay The Remains of the Day is a book that reveals the fact that Lord Darlington was an unintentional sympathizer of the Nazis. He believed that their intentions for Germany were honorable, yet he was quite mistaken. He called a meeting at his home between German and British heads of state in an attempt to bring peace to Europe on a whole not realizing that Nazi Germany was bent on destroying the lives of millions of innocent people. One factor that was significant to the development of the novel was the relationship between Stevens, and Lord Darlington. For three decades, Stevens worked for Lord Darlington as a head butler in Darlington Hall until the day Lord Darlington died he held Stevens on a pedestal and treated him more as a friend than simply a butler. Stevens and Lord Darlington both shared the self-evaluation of making remorseful decisions in their lives. By Stevenss psychological depression for years of not expressing to anyone his feeling and putting full trust into Lord Darl ington, he learns his choice of path in life. Even though for a majority of the book Stevens was proud to serve this noble and old fashion gentlemen, in the end he reveals his passion of not expressing the ideology of his viewpoints and experiences. Another identified contribution of the mystery was his culpability of not being able to express his feelings for Miss Kenton. Working together for years and arguing about household affairs, Miss Kenton displays the personality that Stevens failed to expose .In addition, the continuing feud of nagging by Stevens and the declination of not letting his shared sensation of her lead to the undiscovered love he had. She is a character who is equally intelligent to Stevens but does not mend on Lord Darlingtons values showing greater personal integrity and dignity. Through his brief meeting with Miss Kenton, he accepts his true emotional bond with her and is able to move on with his life.

Internet Security1 essays

Internet Security1 essays The Internet has become a greater medium of communication, data exchange, and entertainment over the past 5 years. With this widespread growth of Internet access, there come growing pains. These growing pains come in the form of people who are up to no good and want to ruin everybody elses experience on the net. High-speed connections also make it a very easy way for hackers to attack your pc in your daily life. In this report, I will discuss the types of Internet connections that are commonly used by consumers. I will also talk about the kinds of hackers that are out there. Each hacker has his or her own reason for doing it and by knowing that, prevention can be made simpler. I will discuss the types of Internet security programs that are available to everyday users. There are also hardware devices that arent as common in the home, but I will discuss their importance also. Finally, I will tell you how easily these programs can be implemented. I. Types of internet connections b. Permanent "all-the-time" connections c. Out-for-fun, harmless hackers b. Turning off PCs when not in use The Internet was a very unknown term to people ten years ago. This new information superhighway was reserved only to those who had the income or the need for data exchange between corporate locations. In the mid 1990s, companies like America Online and Prodigy created a easy connection to the Internet. These connections were called dial-up connection. They made use of a modem connected to your pc and by using your phone line, connected you to their services. In this early age of dial-up connections, the availability and ease for people to obtain access to your information was enormous. Bank records, shopping habits, and credit card information became common ground for people who hacked into personal computers. As the Internet spread to locally owned ISPs, or Interne...

Examples of Electrical, Thermal Conductors Insulators

Examples of Electrical, Thermal Conductors Insulators   A material that readily transmits energy is a conductor, while one that resist energy transfer is called an insulator. There are different types of conductors and insulators because there are different forms of energy. Materials that conduct electrons, protons, or ions are electrical conductors. They conduct electricity. Usually, electrical conductors have loosely bound electrons.  Materials that conduct heat are thermal conductors. Substances that transfer sound are acoustical conductors. There are corresponding insulators for each type of conductor. Many materials are both electrical and thermal conductors or insulators. However, there are exceptions, so dont assume just because a sample conducts (insulates) ​one form of energy that it behaves the same for other forms! Metals typically conduct both heat and electricity. Carbon conducts ​electricity as graphite, but insulates as diamond, so the form or allotrope of a material can be important. Examples of Electrical Conductors silveraluminum foilgoldcoppergraphitesteelbrassbronze Examples of Electrical Insulators glassplasticrubberporcelainairpure waterdry paperdry wood Examples of Thermal Conductors diamondsilvergold Examples of Thermal Insulators polystyrene foamwatermineral woolplastic

How business adjusts (fails to adjust) to the change in its external Essay

How business adjusts (fails to adjust) to the change in its external environment - Essay Example The main objective of this study is to understand how organizations adjust in change, more specifically a change coming from the external business environment (Kazmi, 2008). Introduction It has been seen that entrepreneurs operate with respect to the environment in which they are established. There is a significant relationship which businesses have with their respective external environment (Chidi et al., 2011). Though environment brings opportunities for the business like growth opportunity or expansion opportunity, but there are certain threats too like competition or rivalry. Environment has three major components including globalization, market and competitors which can change rapidly or be rigid for a longer aspect of time (Adekola & Sergi, 2007). It all depends on how the market evolves and how businesses compel in the present environment situation. Hence the progress of entrepreneurs depends on two things, first how much they accept the change from environment components, and second how quickly they adjust to that change (Chidi et al., 2011). Interaction is very important in this respect as it sets the ground for developing a positive relationship between the entrepreneur and its environment (Chidi et al., 2011). ... Theoretical background When entrepreneurs adjust to the change they have to analyze each components of the external environment. According to modern literature, components include the market, the competitor and company’s individual business domain. All areas are parts of company’s external environment and come out separately in devising company’s growth or expansion strategy (Weiss et al., 2008). Globalization is one of the major components of external business environment, holding a direct influence for companies at the time of change (Adekola & Sergi, 2007). When companies are highly internationalized, they have to review all the features (culture, politics, society, and economics) associated with globalization in order to appropriately adjust to the change (Adekola & Sergi, 2007). Multinationals often find it a challenge, as they have to analyze all the features which are important from their global business point of view. This is one core requirement which hy per-globalists have to fulfil; otherwise they are out from competition or even out from the state of heading forward (Singla, 1993). According to several classical business theories like The Uppsala Model, when entrepreneurs are in a position to internationalize, they should target the developing regions, where new markets are waiting and new trends can be set (Jain & Griffith, 2012, pp.136). Companies can become pioneers in those regions if they understand the diversity and cultures of the new place. With respect to the Uppsala model, business expansion is itself a change where adjustment can be brought if organizations make the right decision. A right decision for an expanding entrepreneur would be to target the developing nation, where there is less

Submit a 3150-3850 word description of a new organizational paradigm Essay

Submit a 3150-3850 word description of a new organizational paradigm and analyze the ways in which an existing organization could operate within that paradigm - Essay Example 30% of all employees are Americans and 70 % of employees come form different cultures. The Bell group is specialized in hotel and resort services. It is expected that technology and knowledge will be the main issues changing the world over the next 5 yeas. The new organization paradigm will be based on innovative technologies and introduction of knowledge management initiatives. The division of horal and reports is based on traditional centralized structure. In order to keep control over the assets that are invested into these new business alliances, Bell Group establishes a hierarchical structure of formal control for them. This depends on the significance of the alliance and the potential danger associated with losing key internal resources. Control is an important factor which helps to integrator tasks across teams and has the potential for redesigning the entire organization in terms of job descriptions or promotion schemes, management frequently lacks the commitment to change the entire control structure of the organization. Thus, personal change was a crucial element of learning and organizational change. The potential lies in a reduction of the number of middle managers or a change in the authority structure. It is, however, only when the full potential of technology has been realized that organizational structure changes become more visible. It may therefore take time to notice the long-term effect of increased technology use on organizational design (Bolman and Deal 2003). The greater the degree of specialization, the greater the tendency to concentrate on individual functions while losing sight of overall federal objectives. Thus, conflicts arise among group, functional, and territorial politicians, even though all are preoccupied with the same policy and strategies. Today, decentralization of decision making varies among departments and employees (Hesselbein et al`1997). It is supposed that

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition

Definition and Features of Monopoly and Competition Definition of Monopoly Monopoly is a well defined market structure where there is only one seller who controls the entire market supply, as there are no close substitutes for his product and there are no barriers to the entry of rival producers. This sole seller in the market is called â€Å"monopolist†. The term monopolist is derived from the Greek word â€Å"mono†, meaning â€Å"single†, and â€Å"polist† meaning seller. Thus the monopolist may be defined as the sole seller of a product which has no close substitutes. The monopolist is faced by a large number of competing buyers for his product. Evidently monopoly is the antithesis of competition on. In a monopoly market, the producer, being the sole seller, has no direct competitors in either the popular or technical sense. Thus, the monopoly market model is the opposite extreme of competition. Features of Monopoly The features of a monopoly are: The monopolist is the sole producer in the market. Thus, under monopoly, firm and industry are identical. There are no closely competitive substitutes for the product. So the buyers have no alternative or choice. They have either to buy the product or go without it. Monopoly is a complete negation of competition. A monopolist is a price maker and not a price taker. In fact his price fixing power is absolute. He is in a position to fix the price for the product, as he likes. He can vary the price from buyer to buyer. Thus in a competitive industry, there is a single ruling price, while in a monopoly, there may be differentials. A monopoly firm itself being the industry, it faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. That means it cannot sell more output unless the price is lowered. A pure monopolist has no immediate rivals due to certain barriers to entry in the field. There are legal, technological, economic or natural obstacles which may block the entry of new firms. Since a monopolist has a complete control over the market supply in the absence of a close or remote substitute for his product, he can fix the price as well as quantity of be sold in the market. Abuses of Monopoly Though a monopolist has complete freedom in determining his own price, there are some limits to his power. These are listed below: The demand curve of a monopolist slopes downwards. This is shown as demand curve DD of the monopolist in Figure. On such a curve, a monopolist cannot choose both Price and Output to be sold. He has to determine one of these quantities. If he chooses higher price P1 he has to be satisfied with smaller sales of quantity Q1. If he prefers larger output Q2 he will have to charge lower price P2. The second constraint on monopoly power arises out of the income and willingness of consumers. If the monopolist attempts to charge a price as high as Pn his sales fall to zero. So even though a monopolist has complete freedom to charge any high price this freedom is restricted by the consumer’s ability to purchase goods. Finally, monopoly power also depends upon elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is rigid or less elastic the monopolist has a greater degree of control. As the demand curve becomes more flexible or flatter the monopolist’s control starts declining. This can be explained with the help of Figure. In the figure there are two demand curves. DD1 is rigid or less flexible showing greater monopoly control. DD2 is flatter or more flexible and depicts a lower degree of monopoly control. On rigid demand curve DD1 if the monopolist increases the price from P to P1 the fall in the quantity sold is as small as QQ1. On the flatter demand curve DD2 with the same rise in price, a fall in the quantity sold is as large as NN1. In case of a flexible demand curve there is a danger that even at a higher price, the total revenue of a monopolist may be smaller. This has been further explained in the table below: PRICE RIGID DEMAND D1 TOTAL REVENUE TR1 FLEXIBLE DEMAND D2 TOTAL REVENUE TR2 2 6 12 20 40 4 5 20 8 32 6 4 24 5 30 A monopolist attempts to raise his price from 2 to 4 to 6. As a result of this quantity demanded goes on falling. Yet in the case of Rigid Demand D1, with a fall in the demand from 6 to 5 to 4 Total Revenue TR1 increases from 12 to 20 to 24. With the Flexible Demand condition D2 the quantity demanded falls sharply from 20 to 8 to 5 causing Total Revenue TR2 to fall from 40 to 32 to 30. Hence the slope or the degree of flexibility of the demand curve governs the degree of monopoly power Monopoly market is restrictive and hence considered as an evil form of market. Monopoly is also a source of wastage. It underutilizes productive capacity and reduces Consumer’s Surplus. Underutilization of capacity may cause some workers to remain unemployed. These and other shortcomings can be analyzed and explained with the help of a comparative diagram. We find both competitive and monopoly equilibrium positions marketed by point e1 and e2 respectively. A competitive firm produces output Q1 and sells at price P1. A monopolist produces smaller output Q2 (Q2P1). Competition allows only normal profits to a firm as part of the average cost of production. A monopolist earns extra monopoly profits of the size CSRP2. Under competition output is produced at point e1 which is the lowest point on the average cost line. Therefore competition makes fuller utilization of the productive capacity. Under monopoly output is produced at point S which is on the falling phase of AC. This shows underutilization of the productive capacity. Finally, the size of the Consumer’s Surplus under competition is as large as De1P1 while that under monopoly is only DRP2. Hence under monopoly there is higher price, lower output, underutilization of productive capacity or wastage of resources and reduction in Consumer’s Surplus. Differences between Monopoly,  Equilibrium Competitive Equilibrium There are typical differences between the two types of market models their equilibrium positions. A comparative account of their differences is presented below: The demand curve of a competitive firm for its product is perfectly elastic. It is a horizontal straight line. It implies that the firm can sell any level of out put at the ruling market price. While the demand curve of the monopolistic for his product is relatively inelastic, it is a downward sloping curve. It suggests that the monopolist can sell more output only by lowering the price. To a competitive firm, price is given in the market. So at this price, average and marginal revenue will be the same. Hence, AR MR curves coincide and are represented through the demand curve which is a horizontal straight line. In the case of a monopoly, the downward sloping demand curve represents the AR curve. The MR curve also slopes downwards but it lies below the AR curve. If it is linear, then it lies half the distance between the price-axis and the demand curve. Under both perfect competition and monopoly, the equilibrium output is set at the point of equality between MC and MA. The competitive firm attains equilibrium only when the MC curve intersects the MR curve below. Thus, it is essential that MC must be rising at and near the equilibrium output. In fact, the falling cost curves caused by increasing returns to scale are incompatible with competitive equilibrium output, for the firm’s MR curve being horizontal, the falling MC curve can never lead to a competitive equilibrium position because as the firm will be inclined to expand its size until it becomes so large that its AR and MR curves ultimately begin to fall in order to cut the continuously falling MC curve. This means that the firm will become so large that competition will become imperfect and the individual firm would be in a position to influence the price of its product by altering its own output. In short, perfect competition will cease to exist when a firm increases i ts output to a very large extent in order to attain equilibrium under falling cost conditions. It may, therefore, be concluded that increasing returns to scale or a continuously downward sloping MC curve perfect competition are incompatible. It follows, thus, that a major difference between competitive equilibrium monopoly equilibrium is that while in the case of the former, the MC curve of the firm must be rising at or near the equilibrium level of output, in the case of the latter, this is not essential. A monopoly firm can attain equilibrium under any state of returns to scale or cost conditions, whether constant, rising or falling. The fundamental condition of monopoly equilibrium that must be satisfied is: MC=MR, and the MC curve must intersect the MR curve from below (yet it need not necessarily be rising). Again, when we compare the equilibrium conditions of the two models, we find that the fundamental rule of profit maximization is the same, i.e., equating MC with MR, the characteristic difference lies with respect to price as average revenue and MC. Under perfect competition, price=AR=MR; thus, at equilibrium output, MC=price. In monopoly, on the other hand MRMC. In a perfect normal equilibrium condition of a firm under competition in the long run only, normal profit is realized. In the case of a monopoly, excess monopoly profit can be earned even in the long-run. In fact, the positive difference between price and MC in a monopoly gives excess profit. In the long run, when the competitive firm gets only normal profit, it operates at the minimum point of the LAC curve. Hence the competitive firm tends to be of optimum size. A monopoly firm, on the other hand, attains equilibrium at the falling path of the AC curve, which means it doesn’t utilize its plant capacity to the full extent. The â€Å"excess capacity† in a monopoly firm thus causes it to be of less than optimum size. Usually, the monopoly price tends to be higher while the monopoly output smaller than that under perfect competition. A direct comparison of price and output under monopoly and competition is however difficult because a competitive firm is just a part of the industry as a whole, while a monopoly firm is an industry itself. MONOPOLY EQULIBRIUM UNDER DIFFERENT COST CONDITIONS Firms under all market condition achieve equilibrium at a point where MC=MR and MC is increasing or MC>MR if an additional unit is produced. Under Perfect competition this is possible only if the firm is operating with increasing cost i.e. marginal cost curve is sloping upward. Equilibrium cannot be determined if the marginal cost is decreasing or constant. Equilibrium is possible only in fig A where both necessary and sufficient conditions are fulfilled, whereas in B only the necessary condition is fulfilled and in C neither necessary nor sufficient conditions are satisfied. Unlike perfect competition, equilibrium of a monopoly is possible under increasing constant and decreasing cost as shown in Figure FIGURE shows equilibrium of a monopoly firm with increasing cost. The firms AC and MC curves are sloping upward. MC cuts MR at E. Here MC=MR and for any additional production MC>MR. Therefore firm A reaches equilibrium at point E. TR=OQ1 TP. TC=OQ1SN. Pie=NSTP Figure B, the firm reaches equilibrium at point E1 under constant cost. At point E1 MC=MR and thereafter MC>MR therefore the firm stops its production. At E1. TR=OQ2T1P1. TC=OQ2E1N1. Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 Figure C explains the equilibrium under decreasing cost. Equilibrium output is determined at point E2. Where MC=MR and MC>MR for any additional output. TR=OQ3T2P2. TC=OQ3S2N2 Therefore Pie=N2S2T2P2 The firm however will not be able to decide its output if under decreasing cost its marginal cost is always below the MR curve as shown in the figure. Fig shows the indetermination of Equilibrium under decreasing cost. Here the MC is all the times below MR hence it is not possible to determine the Equilibrium output. However the case shown in the above diagram may not be practical as the marginal cost cannot continuously decline and become zero. CONTROL OF MONOPOLY Evaluating the economic effects of pure monopoly or partial monopoly form the standpoint of society as a whole, on income distribution, price, output, resource allocation, technological advancement, distribution of economic power, it has been commonly observed that there are more evils aspects than benefits in a monopolistic industry as compared to a competitive industry. THE FOLLOWING POINTS MAY BE ENLISTED IN THIS CONTEXT: The monopoly price is generally higher than the competitive price. Evidently, the consumer is exploited under a monopoly. Output under monopoly is restricted with a view to earning the maximum economic profits. Thus, there is inefficient allocation of resources in a monopolistic industry. It entails waste of excess capacity. Only in a competitive industry there can be optimum utilization of existing plant capacity .In short, under a monopoly a higher price is charged, a smaller output is produced the system of allocation of resources is inferior to that under perfect competition. Usually, excess profit is reaped by a monopoly firm even in the long run. A purely competitive firm, on the other hand reaps just a normal profit in the long run. By virtue of their control over market supply, monopolists can export high prices to make substantial economic profits .Excessive price charged by the monopolists is regarded as a â€Å"PRIVATE TAX† on consumers. On account of high profiteering by the monopolists, society’s income distribution tends to be unequal unjust .The owners of monopoly business tend to become richer at the cost of the consumers. Big monopoly houses may acquire concentration of economic power ion their hands which also endangers political democracy in the country. A monopolist is supposed to be very conservative in the matter of innovation technological advancement .Since there is no threat of competition from rivals in a monopoly market, the firm has no impulse to develop new products or introduce new techniques in production. The monopolist is satisfied with the status quo. In fact sometimes monopolists may buy up new scientific inventions patents destroy them so to avoid rivalry. They do so in order to save loss arising from the sudden obsolescence of existing plant machinery. This tactic obviously obstructs technical progress of the country. Monopoly monopolistic competition tend to aggravate the problem of unemployment due to under allocation of resources. The actual production frontier of the country is kept unduly much below its potential level. This results in a low pace of economic growth in creating poverty in the midst of plenty Monopoly firm quite often resort to unfair practices like price discrimination or cut throat competition infringement of trade marks of rivals .etc with a view to eliminating or killing potential rivals in the market. Many big monopoly houses have tended to spread political economic corruption. It has been alleged that some political parties even govt. officials in India always have a soft corner for certain big business houses. METHODS OF CONTROL They are as follows: Restriction on entry of new firms Restriction on output Monopolists hold on price determination MEASURES OF CONTROL They are as follows: Legislative measures Promotion of competition Consumers resistance Publicity drive Control of price output Fiscal measures Nationalization Co-operative movement Misconceptions about Monopoly Pricing Profits It is commonly alleged that a monopolist can charge a very high price and earn high profits because he has the control over market supply and is a price-maker. This is really not so. A monopolist cannot determine price on the basis of his supply alone. He has to consider the demand aspect as well. In fact, the monopoly price is determined by the relative strength of the forces of demand and supply. Again, while determining the equilibrium price and output, the monopolist is interested in maximum sale because he wants to maximise total profits and not unit profits. So if the demand is slack, he will have to set a low price corresponding to profit maximising condition : MC = MR. Again, it is also erroneous p take it for granted that the monopolists price is always higher than the competitive price. It, in fact, depends on various considerations. If the demand is highly inelastic, while the supply is under conditions of increasing costs, ben the monopolist will restrict output in order to produce at a lower cost anchearn a higher profit. Under these circumstances, obviously, the monopoly price will be very high compared to the competitive price. For example, private monopoly is socially harmful in respect of production and sale of essential agricultural commodities like food-grains for which the demand is highly inelastic while the supply is under increasing costs on account of the law of diminishing returns operating on land. If, on the other hand, the demand is highly inelastic, but the supply is under increasing returns or decreasing costs condition, the monopoly price would tend to be nearer the competitive price. In such cases, monopoly can be socially tolerated. For instance, in producing comforts and luxury items, if a private monopolist invests huge capital, thereby enjoying the economies of scale so that he may supply goods at a low price at a competitive rate, then, such monopoly can be tolerated. Again, when there is a very limited market for a product, a monopolist can supply it at a lower price on account of its low cost of production due to large-scale economies than what is feasible in a competitive market by a large number of firms producing the goods on a small-scale. The competitive market price in such a case will tend to be high because though P AC, under competition, the AC itself tends to be high due to lack of economies of scale and the small-scale of production adopted by each firm . If, however, there is a monopoly which has to cater to the entire market, it would resort to a large-scale production. Hence, the output will be produced at a much lower cost, so even if the monopolist sets a higher price than AC for the sake of high profit, it may relatively turn out to be lower than that of the competitive firm. Similarly, it is also incorrect to say that the monopolist can always earn abnormally high monopoly profit due to his advantageous position in the market. In many cases, demand and cost situation may not be very favourable to the monopolist, so that he cannot make profits. In the long run, the monopolist may be under the threat of new entry in his line of production, so that he may resort to price limit which gives him a lower profit but not a high maximum profit. Potential competition thus serves as a significant constraint on the behaviour of the monopolist. Again, in some cases, the demand situation may be such that the demand curve or the average revenue curve in the long run may be just tangent to the LAC curve. In this case, the monopolist would earn only a normal profit (see Fig. to understand the situation). In Fig., the monopolist decides an equilibrium output OM, and charges PM price. Since the AR curve is tangent to the LAC curve at point P, Price = Average Revenue = Average Cost. Hence, the monopolist simply earns a normal profit. The only difference between such normal-profit monopoly equilibrium and competitive equilibrium is that the monopolist is producing at less than optimum size, i.e., at a higher average cost, while a competitive firm, earning normal profit, would be producing at a minimum average cost, i.e., it has an optimum size. In other words, under monopoly, even though there is just a normal profit earned, there is unutilised capacity of the plant and resources, while in a competitive firms equilibrium, the normal capacity is fully utilised. Anyway, it can be concluded from the above discussion that the monopolist cannot always earn high monopoly profits. Again, the monopolist in the long run should earn at least normal profits, otherwise he cannot survive. A monopolist finding the cost situation much above the demand consideration in the long run has no alternative but to wind up his business.

Challange Faced by University Students Essay

Education is the most important aspect of learning for every generation established in every mode. In university there are different field of studies with different years of each program. It is obvious that new students are going to face further challenges in university. In this case, these challenges could be the burden which can pull them out of the school without completing their studies. This essay will discuss these challenges in condition of financial, social, and academic. To begin with, financial problems are a major challenge for university students includes tuition fee, rent expenses, and text books. Tuition fee is the most common challenge for these students. Though, for some they only take one or two units per semester because of financial problems. The high costs of fee causes many problems for those who are not sponsored. Besides, fee expenses for each semester cost of thousands of dollars. So, tuition fee is a great burden for the unsponsored students. Furthermore, text books are the most essential property students must have in university. First year students also suffered in buying text books regarding to financial problem. Those who are not sponsored are suffered the most on the high cost of these books. Another challenge is that some of them have not enough money in a pocket. But in this case, such challenges can create lot of troubles in their minds throughout their time in the university. Moreover, rent is also a challenge for these students. These students might live in different hostels where some are cheap but isolated from the campus, and some are nearby the campus but expensive. It is better to live nearby the campus for new students to avoid troubles. However, they have problem with monthly rent where it is expensive but must be cleared. Another reason is based on a small amount of their allowance which cannot meet their expenses on rent and others. However, these financial challenges make them concern the most. Another major†¦ [continues]. Read full essay

The Time Machine A Social Critique - 1870 Words

The Time machine is a social critique of H.G Wells’s Victorian England projected into the distant future. The author was known for his Socialist and Communist leanings and propogated the fact that Capitalism is one of the greatest evils of modern society . His major target has always been the elitist branch of evolution - Social Darwinism. An offshoot of Darwin’s ‘ origin of species ‘ theory , Social Darwinism misapplied the idea of natural selection to justify the stratification between the rich and poor. In ‘ The time machine ‘ Wells shows first how far human evolution can go if Capitalism isn’t put to an end : mankind will split into two distinct species, The ruling class ( Eloi) and working class (Morlocks ) . H.G Wells’s portrayal of†¦show more content†¦Through the intertwined symbolism of darkness and light, Wells leads readers to the conclusion that good and evil are inseparable in the human psyche. Weena’s Flowers The time traveller values intelligence above all other human traits, and he is disappointed that future humans are not only unintelligent, but also weak, silly, and uncurious. For a while, his relationship to the Eloi is defined only by intellectual interest and not by real empathy, but it is through his friendship with Weena that he begins to feel true affection for and identification with these creatures. Put another way, it is in the kindness of the Eloi that the Time Traveller can locate their humanity. Weena loves putting flowers in the Time Traveller’s pockets (she treats his pockets like â€Å"an eccentric kind of vase for floral decoration†), and this gesture represents the kind nature of the Eloi. Weena’s flowers are also the only piece of compelling evidence of his travels that the Time Traveller brings back to the present, and they represent hope for humanity in the face of such a bleak tale of the future of mankind. As the narrator notes, the flowers serve â€Å"to witness that even when mind and strength had gone, gratitude and mutual tenderness still lived on in the heart of man.† The White Sphinx So the first thing the Time Traveller sees upon arriving in the future is the statue of the White Sphinx.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Time Machine: A Social Critique of Victorian England1727 Words   |  7 PagesWells was cynical of the Victorian class system and thoroughly disapproved of the way people were segregated, according to their wealth. Wells disagreed with England’s capitalist views, as he himself was a socialist. His novel The Time Machine is primarily a social critique of Victorian England projected into the distant future. He has taken segregation to its extremes and shows how far human evolution will go if capitalism continues unhindered. On travelling to the future he finds that this newRead MoreHuxleys Critique of Capitalism in Brave New World1233 Words   |  5 Pagesdrugs to an overreliance on technology, Huxleys critique of capitalism remains the most prominent, if only because the novel includes explicit references to the father of modern capitalist production, Henry Ford. Huxleys critique of capitalism becomes most apparent in the third chapter of the novel, when the tour group is taken over by Mustapha Mond, his fordship and the Resident Controller for Western Europe. Examining Monds discussion of the time before the institution of the World State, HuxleysRead MoreAmerica’s Adaptation to the World of Factories and Machines1145 Words   |  5 Pageseverything new there are always some critiques about the new technology. Some critiques came with the fact that the factories were affecting nature. Also, the fact that people were not becoming part of these machines and not getting the same satisfaction a s they use too. 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According to Blaxter (2004), if a person can perform daily functions such as going to work, taking care of the household, etc he/she is considered healthy. Many studies have found that lay people define health as the

Effective Leadership And My Current Leadership Skills

Introduction There are many definitions of the word leadership, but I am particularly taken by the way the business dictionary defines leadership. It defines it as such: an activity of leading a group of people or an organization or ability to do this and involves establishing a clear vision, sharing that vision with others so that they will follow willingly, providing the information, knowledge, and methods to realize that vision and coordinating and balancing the conflicting interest of all members and stakeholders (Business Dictionary, n.d.). This definition solidifies what is expected of a leader and what should be expected of said person to be effective when performing his or her duties in a leadership role. For the purpose of this paper, I will be looking at what effective leadership means to me which I would use to evaluate my current leadership skills. After analyzing my current skills against this model, I will create an action plan to address any deficiencies identified. This will be followed by redefining what leadership is based on the research and beliefs presented in this report. What Effective Leadership Means to Me? According to the Business Dictionary, a leader is someone who rises to the opportunities to be creative in times of hardship, and are unlike managers, who learned and enhances his or her skills through coaching or mentoring (n.d.). For a leader to rise to any occasion, he or she will need to have superb charisma and possesses any number ofShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Adolescent Medicine Fellowship ( Amf ) Program1044 Words   |  5 PagesUndrea Ravenel HCAI 5360 Leadership – EI Dr. Stefl In your current position, how important is EI versus technical competency? The Adolescent Medicine Fellowship (AMF) Program is one of the military’s subspecialty-training programs, which train pediatricians in the specialty of adolescent and young adult medicine. 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